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DYNAMICS OF HEALTHCARE- Rutgers
Test Questions and Verified Answers
Latest Edition 2025 Rated A
"right to die" - ANSA legal right under the Patient Self-Determination Act that allows an individual to determine whether or not to accept medical care to continue life. 1- patient's bill of rights - ANSThe patient has the right to considerate and respectful care 10- patient's bill of rights - ANSThe patient has the right to consent to or decline to participate in proposed research studies or human experimentation affecting care and treatment or requiring direct patient involvement, and to have those studies fully explained prior to consent. A patient who declines to participate in research or experimentation is entitled to the most effective care that the hospital can otherwise provide. 11- patient's bill of rights - ANSThe patient has the right to expect reasonable continuity of care when appropriate and to be informed by physicians and other caregivers of available and realistic patient care options when hospital care is no longer appropriate 12- patient's bill of rights - ANSThe patient has the right to be informed of hospital policies and practices that relate to patient care, treatment, and responsibilities. The patient has the right to be informed of available
resources for resolving disputes, grievances, and conflicts, such as ethics committees, patient representatives, or other mechanisms available in the institution. The patient has the right to be informed of the hospital's charges for services and available payment methods 2- patient's bill of rights - ANSThe patient has the right to and is encouraged to obtain from physicians and other direct caregivers relevant, current, and understandable information concerning diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Except in emergencies when the patient lacks decision- making capacity and the need for treatment is urgent, the patient is entitled to the opportunity to discuss and request information related to the specific procedures and/or treatments, the risks involved, the possible length of recuperation, and the medically reasonable alternatives and their accompanying risks and benefits.Patients have the right to know the identity of physicians, nurses, and others involved in their care, as well as when those involved are students, residents, or other trainees. The patient also has the right to know the immediate and long-term financial implications of treatment choices, insofar as they are known 3 barriers to communication - ANSPhysical disabilities; psychological attitudes; Cultural Diversity 3 components of communication - ANSsender, message, receiver 3 parts of a contract - ANSoffer- competent person forms relationship with healthcare provider + "offers" to be patient; acceptance- HCP gives appt. or
attorney for health care) concerning treatment or designating a surrogate decision maker with the expectation that the hospital will honor the intent of that directive to the extent permitted by law and hospital policy.Health care institutions must advise patients of their rights under state law and hospital policy to make informed medical choices, ask if the patient has an advance directive, and include that information in patient records. The patient has the right to timely information about hospital policy that may limit its ability to implement fully a legally valid advance directive 5 main factors that contribute to good health - ANSdiet, rest, exercise, good posture, avoid tobacco, alcohol, and drugs 5 stages of grief - ANS(1) denial (2) anger (3) bargaining (4) depression (5) acceptance 5 step method of problem solving - ANS(1) identify the problem (2) Gather information and identify possible sources (3) Select the best option (4) Implement the solution (5) Evaluate the results 5- patient's bill of rights - ANSThe patient has the right to every consideration of privacy. Case discussion, consultation, examination, and treatment should be conducted so as to protect each patient's privacy 6- patient's bill of rights - ANSThe patient has the right to expect that all communications and records pertaining to his/her care will be treated as
confidential by the hospital, except in cases such as suspected abuse and public health hazards when reporting is permitted or required by law. The patient has the right to expect that the hospital will emphasize the confidentiality of this information when it releases it to any other parties entitled to review information in these records 7- patient's bill of rights - ANSThe patient has the right to review the records pertaining to his/her medical care and to have the information explained or interpreted as necessary, except when restricted by law 8- patient's bill of rights - ANSThe patient has the right to expect that, within its capacity and policies, a hospital will make reasonable response to the request of a patient for appropriate and medically indicated care and services. The hospital must provide evaluation, service, and/or referral as indicated by the urgency of the case. When medically appropriate and legally permissible, or when a patient has so requested, a patient may be transferred to another facility. The institution to which the patient is to be transferred must first have accepted the patient for transfer. The patient must also have the benefit of complete information and explanation concerning the need for, risks, benefits, and alternatives to such a transfer 9- patient's bill of rights - ANSThe patient has the right to ask and be informed of the existence of business relationships among the hospital, educational institutions, other health care providers, or payers that may influence the patient's treatment and care.
answering the phone - ANSanswer promptly; answer with a smile; receiver firmly against ear; mouthpiece 2-3 inches from center of lips; identify yourself/agency; don't hang up first appropriate use of - ANSlanguage; manners; dress assault - ANS(intentional); any willful attempt or threat to injure another person with the apparent ability to do so assisted living facilities - ANSgenerally provides housing, group meals, personal care, support services, and social activities in a community setting; some health care may also be provided autocratic (directive) leader - ANSleader controls decisions + activities autonomy - ANS(ethical principle); ability to make decisions for oneself; patients be told the truth about their condition, informed of risks/benefits for them to make informed decisions; they are permitted to refuse treatment battery - ANS(intentional); unlawful touching of another person without consent beneficence - ANS(ethical principle); provides care that is in the best interest of the patient; actions designed to bring about positive outcome
bias - ANSA preference that inhibits impartial judgment of others; common ex: age, education, physical size, occupation, gender breach of contract - ANSresults in legal action CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) - ANSthe national research center for developing and applying disease prevention and control, environmental health, and health promotion and education activities to improve public health certification - ANSdemonstrates that a healthcare worker meets the requirements set by the certifying organization to demonstrate mastery of the job; isn't required but is preferred; assures workers meet a certain competency level; can also be certified in a specialty CEU (continued education units) - ANSrequired for an employee to maintain certain licensing, certifications, or more; requires putting in extra hours of education, in order to keep up with the trends/any new advancements in that career CEU example - ANSin order to continue to be board certified in a specialty, Anesthesiologists have to do a certain number of MOCA minutes and points civil law - ANS(private law); deals with legal relationships between people and protection of a citizens rights; two types = torts + contracts
culture is... - ANSlearned. shared. social in nature. dynamic and constantly changing daydreaming - ANS(coping mechanism); stream of consciousness that detaches from current external tasks when attention drifts to a more personal and internal direction deductible - ANSAmount you must pay before you begin receiving any benefits from your insurance company defamation of character - ANS(intentional); damaging a person's name and reputation by making public statements that are false and malicious; libel- written; slander- spoken democratic leader - ANSshares decisions + activities with group denial - ANS(coping mechanism); usually occurs when a person is first told of a terminal illness; will say a doctor is wrong and seek a second opinion descriptive ethics - ANSalso known as comparative ethics, is the study of people's beliefs about morality; aim to uncover people's beliefs about such things as values, which actions are right and wrong, and which characteristics of moral agents are virtuous
DHHS (Department of Health and Human Services) - ANSThe federal agency that deals with health in the United States; funds each organization (ex: CDC) in the US direct methods of satisfying needs - ANSmeeting human needs through setting goals and actually achieving things disadvantages of HMOs - ANSrequired to stay in network for care (unless of an emergency); if current doctor is not part of HMO, new doctor has to be chosen; difficult to get specialized care, because referral is required first; care sought that is not referral or emergency is not covered; decreased choice displacement - ANS(coping mechanism); displacing feeling from one thing/person to another distress - ANS(bad stress); causes anxiety, lack of focus, under-eating or overeating, lack of participation/normal enjoyment of activities; death of a spouse durable power of attorney - ANSPermits principal to appoint an agent to make decisions regarding health care; Ex: medical procedures, hiring or firing providers, spending funds for care, access to medical records; given to spouses, adult children, any qualified adult; must be signed by principal, agent, one- two witnesses
examples of cultural barriers - ANSBeliefs and practices regarding health and illness; language differences; Eye contact; Dealing with terminal illness/severe disability; Touch examples of physical barriers - ANSDeafness or hearing loss; Blindess or Impaired Vision; Aphasia or Speech Impairments examples of psychological barriers - ANSClosed- mindedness, judging; preaching, moralizing, lecturing; Over-reacting, arguing; Advising, prejudging; stereotyping; exceptions to confidential communication - ANSexception to sharing information is sharing information with guardian/POA, to allow facilities to be paid for, to another healthcare provider who is treating the patient/seeking payment for treatment exceptions to ethical principle of confidentiality - ANSif patients plans to harm themself/others; issues with health insurance; if confidential information is at issue in lawsuit expressed contracts - ANSstated in clear language (verbal/written); ex: consent for surgery extended care facilities - ANSprovide health care and help with activities to people of any age; often physically or mentally incapable of caring for themselves; can last from days-years; include nursing homes and residential institutions for mentally or physically disabled patients;
independent living and assisted living facilities also provide extended care; many patients are discharged from hospitals to extended care facilities and need care that is beyond the scope of home health care; older adults that cannot carry out daily activities by themselves false imprisonment - ANS(intentional); Restraining an individual or restricting an individual's freedom; Could be holding someone; in a facility against their will or physically restraining them; Sometimes treated as a crime felony - ANScarries penalty of imprisonment for more than one year and possible death penalty; ex: withholding rX from patient and they die prematurely flexibility - ANSwillingness to change or compromise; ability to be easily modified; healthcare workers must do this with their skills, talent, and time for-profit - ANSdo not receive tax exemptions; not required to provide community benefit (hospital funding type) general - ANStreat wide range of conditions (hospital service type) government - ANSworldwide; ex: veterans administration hospitals, state psychiatric hospitals, state rehabilitation centers (hospital service type) growth of home healthcare - ANShealth care reimbursement practices often encourage early discharge from the hospital, so patients may need
homeopathy - ANSholistic system of healing that focuses on stimulating the body's ability to heal itself by giving very small doses of highly diluted substances; derived from diluted natural substances honesty - ANSconnotes positive and virtuous attributes such as integrity, truthfulness, straightforwardness, loyalty, fairness, sincerity; helps to establish trust with patient hospice - ANScare program focused on reducing pain, symptoms, and stress during the last stage of terminal illness; physical, psychological, social, and spiritual care services are provided for dying persons, their families, and other loved ones; defined by the care rather than the location hospitals - ANSprovide care for those who are in urgent need of care, seriously injured or ill, in labor, etc.; needing immediate medical attention (acute); general, specialty, government, university; religious, private, non- profit, for-profit implied contracts - ANSobligations that are understood without verbally expressed terms; ex: patient taking medications important values in healthcare - ANSaltruism; respect for human dignity; respect for patient autonomy; sensitivity to patients situation, condition, needs
included in resume - ANSincludes name, education, skills, jobs, experiences, contact information independent living facilities - ANSgroup of apartment or houses for residents who can take care of themselves and are mobile, but need some help with daily activities; some offer on-site amenities including a fitness club, banking center, health care services, transportation, meals, social activities indirect methods of satisfying needs - ANSinvolve addressing and dealing with issues, but not actually achieving goals/desires infant - ANS(1 month-1 year); brain grows to about 1/2 adult size; heart doubles in weight; height increases by 50%; birth weight triples; teething begins at 4-6 MO; learns to crawl, walk, + use building blocks, attempts to feed themself; can convey wishes through few key words by 12 MO; attachments + bonds to people are formed; begins to discover his or her environment/learn to control things through play; social play- rolling a ball; cognitive play- assembling puzzle informed consent - ANSpatient /client is told and understands the reason for treatment; What will be done, Who will do it, How it will be done, Expected outcomes, Patient must also understand treatment alternatives and the consequences of not having treatment. intentional tort - ANSwrongful actions committed on purpose
Level 3 of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (love + belonging) - ANSunderstanding + acceptance of others in both giving + receiving love; the feeling of belonging to families, peers, friends, a neighborhood, + a community Level 4 of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (self-esteem) - ANSincludes the need to feel good about oneself; feel pride; sense of accomplishment; believe that others appreciate + appreciate ones accomplishments Level 5 of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (self-actualization) - ANSincludes the needs for individuals to reach their full potential through development of their unique capabilities licensure - ANSact of granting authority by the state; individual must practice their profession according to the guidelines and limitations set by the state where they are (_____); requirements include graduating from state-accredited school/training program and passing state exam living will - ANSwhen conditions are terminal; most states honor living wills; person must be competent; needs two witnesses who do not benefit from death; ex: DNR LPNs, Nursing Assistants (CNAs) - ANSother types of nurses
malpractice - ANS(unintentional); interpreted as "bad practice" and includes providing improper or unprofessional treatment or care that results in injury to the patient managed care - ANSA system that combines the financing and the delivery of appropriate, cost-effective health care services to its members. managing conflict steps - ANSAssessing Diagnosing Creating a plan Implementing the plan Evaluating the plan Modifying the plan (if necessary) Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - ANS(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization medicaid - ANSA federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them. medical assistant - ANSperform both administrative and certain clinical tasks; handle general office duties- greeting patients, answering phones, medical-scheduling procedures, filing insurance forms; assist in physical exams, obtain medical histories, take vital signs
