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Comprehensive Guide to DSLR Cameras: Nikon, Canon, Sony and Lenses, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Computer Science

An in-depth analysis of DSLR cameras, focusing on Nikon, Canon, and Sony cameras and lenses. It covers the principles of a pinhole camera, aperture, focal length, depth of field, film speed (ISO), image formats, and various camera models. The document also explains the differences between DX and FX formats, Nikon's F-mount, and Canon's EF and EF-S lens mounts.

Typology: Study Guides, Projects, Research

2021/2022

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Paul Fodor
DSLR Cameras and Lenses
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Download Comprehensive Guide to DSLR Cameras: Nikon, Canon, Sony and Lenses and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Computer Science in PDF only on Docsity!

Paul Fodor

DSLR Cameras and Lenses

(c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook)

Camera ๏‚—

Principle of a pinhole camera:^ ๏‚—

Light rays from an object pass through a small hole to form an imageon the sensor:

(c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook)

Focal length ๏‚—

Determines the distance to the objective that is photographed^ ๏‚—

F-number = f/D where f is the focal length and D is the diameterof the apperture

๏‚—

It is a measure of the camera lighteach aperture has half the light gathering area of the previous one ๏‚—

Modern lens ads specify the maximum aperture (i.e. the f-stop) of the lenses

(c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook)

Depth of field ๏‚—

The depth of field (DOF) is the distance between the nearest andfarthest objects in a scene that appear acceptably sharp in an image^ ๏‚—

In some cases, a small DOF may be desirable, emphasizing the subject whilede-emphasizing the foreground and background: ๏‚—

In other cases, it may be more effective to have the entire image sharp, and alarge DOF is appropriate.

(c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook)

Film Speed (ISO) ๏‚—

The

film speed

(ISO) is the measure of a photographic film's

sensitivity to light^ ๏‚—

ISO standard examples: ISO

ISO

ISO

ISO

๏‚—

In digital camera systems, an arbitrary ISO can be achieved bysetting the signal gain of the sensor

(c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook)

Image Formats ๏‚—

The

image formats

are the standard sizes of images for

photography:^ ๏‚—

The 135 film, 35mm, 24ร—36 mm (ISO 1007 or

full frame

) is the

most popular photographic film format ๏‚—

The

crop factor

is the ratio of the dimensions of a camera's

imaging area compared to a reference format:

o

The red box displays what a 24ร—36 mm sensor would see.

o

The blue box displays what a 15ร—23 mm sensor would see.

o

Most digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) cameras on the market

o

have reduced APS-C-sized image sensors:

o

e.g., Nikon DX is the sensor size for all

o

the Nikon DSLR cameras except thefull-frame D3, D3s, D3x and D700 โ€“ it isabout 2/3 of a 35mm film format

(c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook)

Nikon DSLR cameras

(c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook)

Nikon DSLR cameras ๏‚—

Nikon D7000 (entry level advanced)(2010)^ ๏‚—

DX sensor ๏‚—

16.2 megapixels ๏‚—

39 focus points ๏‚—

Video: full HD 1080p (at 24 frame/s) movie mode with auto-focus whilefilming, mono sound, and stereo external mic support.

๏‚—^

Alternative: 30 frame/s, 25 frame/s, 24 frame/s when recording at 720p

๏‚—

$1,400 on Amazon with 18-105mm f/3.5-5.6 AF-S DX VR ED Nikkor Lensincluded

(c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook)

Nikon DSLR cameras ๏‚—

Nikon D4 (Nikon flagship camera)(2012)^ ๏‚—

FX sensor โ€“ โ€œfull frameโ€ ๏‚—

16.2 megapixels ๏‚—

51 focus points ๏‚—

Video: full HD 1080p (at 24 frame/s) movie mode with auto-focus while filming and stereo mic.

๏‚—

Alternative: 30/60 frame/s and 25/50 frame/s when recording at 720p

๏‚—

$5,999 on Amazon

(c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook)

Nikon focus modes ๏‚—

Nikon has multiple focus (AF) modes:^ ๏‚—

AF-C

(short for Auto Focus Continuous, sometimes called

continuous servo) is used when photographing moving objects.^ ๏‚—

When you focus AF-C on a moving subject, the focus will stay on theanimal so long as your shutter button is held half way down (the camerawill keep re-focusing as the animal moves and you keep your shutterbutton held half way down).

๏‚—

AF-S

(short for auto focus single) is good for photographing

subjects that don't move (flowers or portraits).^ ๏‚—

When you press the shutter button halfway, it locks the focus on the nonmoving object that you want to photograph. You can then move thecamera and take the photograph.

๏‚—

AF-A

(auto default) guesses if the subject is stationary or

moving, and accordingly sets the focus to either

AF-C

or

AF-S

(c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook)

Nikon F-mount ๏‚—

The Nikon F-mount (1959-) is a type of interchangeable lensmount developed by Nikon for its 35 mm SLR cameras ๏‚—

Autofocus

Nikkor lenses:

๏‚—

AF

(1986)

:^ focus driven by a motor inside the camera body - all AF lenses

have a CPU to compute the motor movement formula ๏‚—

AF-S

(AutoFocus-Silent) (1996-): focus quietly and quickly

๏‚—

PC

(Perspective Control lenses): support shifting the lens in relation to the film or sensor plane-used for macrophotography^ ๏‚—

PC-E

(the "E" designates an electromagnetic diaphragm) (2008-) offer automatic

aperture control

๏‚—

IF (Internal Focus): accomplishes focus through the movement of internallens groups, eliminating extension and rotation of the front lens element,allowing focus to be driven quickly by a small motor

(c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook)

Nikon lenses (cont.)

๏‚—

AF-I

(AF-Internal Motor) (1992-): the internal motor focusing the lens is

controlled electronically (not by a mechanical AF connection betweencamera and lens) ๏‚—

ED

: uses "Extra-low Dispersion" glass to reduce chromatic aberration

๏‚—

N

: indicates a new type of lens coating called the โ€œNano Crystal Coatโ€ used for some teleport lens ๏‚—

VR

(Vibration Reduction): uses a moving optical group to reduce the photographic effects of camera shake.^ ๏‚—

Some

VR lenses also support a panning mode, detecting horizontal

movement of the lens and minimizing only vertical vibration.

๏‚—

G

(gelded): have their aperture rings removed to save cost (won't work on manual focus cameras)

(c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook)

Bokeh ๏‚—

Bokeh is how lenses render out-of-focus areas.^ ๏‚—

Ideally these areas are soft and smooth.

๏‚—

People genuinely concerned about bokeh shoot f/2.8 or faster lenses. ๏‚—

Newspaper photographers own some kind of 80-200 f/2.8 lens ๏‚—

Pro fashion photographers own 300mm f/2.8 or 400mm f/2.8 lenses.

(c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook)

Nikon's Best Lenses ๏‚—

14-24mm f/2.8 AF-S (2007-today): ultra-wideangle lens.$1,999 on Amazon