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An in-depth analysis of DSLR cameras, focusing on Nikon, Canon, and Sony cameras and lenses. It covers the principles of a pinhole camera, aperture, focal length, depth of field, film speed (ISO), image formats, and various camera models. The document also explains the differences between DX and FX formats, Nikon's F-mount, and Canon's EF and EF-S lens mounts.
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(c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook)
Principle of a pinhole camera:^ ๏
Light rays from an object pass through a small hole to form an imageon the sensor:
(c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook)
F-number = f/D where f is the focal length and D is the diameterof the apperture
๏
It is a measure of the camera lighteach aperture has half the light gathering area of the previous one ๏
Modern lens ads specify the maximum aperture (i.e. the f-stop) of the lenses
(c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook)
The depth of field (DOF) is the distance between the nearest andfarthest objects in a scene that appear acceptably sharp in an image^ ๏
In some cases, a small DOF may be desirable, emphasizing the subject whilede-emphasizing the foreground and background: ๏
In other cases, it may be more effective to have the entire image sharp, and alarge DOF is appropriate.
(c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook)
ISO standard examples: ISO
๏
In digital camera systems, an arbitrary ISO can be achieved bysetting the signal gain of the sensor
(c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook)
The 135 film, 35mm, 24ร36 mm (ISO 1007 or
full frame
) is the
most popular photographic film format ๏
The
crop factor
is the ratio of the dimensions of a camera's
imaging area compared to a reference format:
o
The red box displays what a 24ร36 mm sensor would see.
o
The blue box displays what a 15ร23 mm sensor would see.
o
Most digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) cameras on the market
o
have reduced APS-C-sized image sensors:
o
e.g., Nikon DX is the sensor size for all
o
the Nikon DSLR cameras except thefull-frame D3, D3s, D3x and D700 โ it isabout 2/3 of a 35mm film format
(c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook)
(c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook)
Nikon D7000 (entry level advanced)(2010)^ ๏
DX sensor ๏
16.2 megapixels ๏
39 focus points ๏
Video: full HD 1080p (at 24 frame/s) movie mode with auto-focus whilefilming, mono sound, and stereo external mic support.
๏^
Alternative: 30 frame/s, 25 frame/s, 24 frame/s when recording at 720p
๏
$1,400 on Amazon with 18-105mm f/3.5-5.6 AF-S DX VR ED Nikkor Lensincluded
(c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook)
FX sensor โ โfull frameโ ๏
16.2 megapixels ๏
51 focus points ๏
Video: full HD 1080p (at 24 frame/s) movie mode with auto-focus while filming and stereo mic.
๏
Alternative: 30/60 frame/s and 25/50 frame/s when recording at 720p
๏
$5,999 on Amazon
(c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook)
(short for Auto Focus Continuous, sometimes called
continuous servo) is used when photographing moving objects.^ ๏
When you focus AF-C on a moving subject, the focus will stay on theanimal so long as your shutter button is held half way down (the camerawill keep re-focusing as the animal moves and you keep your shutterbutton held half way down).
๏
(short for auto focus single) is good for photographing
subjects that don't move (flowers or portraits).^ ๏
When you press the shutter button halfway, it locks the focus on the nonmoving object that you want to photograph. You can then move thecamera and take the photograph.
๏
(auto default) guesses if the subject is stationary or
moving, and accordingly sets the focus to either
or
(c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook)
The Nikon F-mount (1959-) is a type of interchangeable lensmount developed by Nikon for its 35 mm SLR cameras ๏
Autofocus
Nikkor lenses:
๏
AF
(1986)
:^ focus driven by a motor inside the camera body - all AF lenses
have a CPU to compute the motor movement formula ๏
AF-S
(AutoFocus-Silent) (1996-): focus quietly and quickly
๏
PC
(Perspective Control lenses): support shifting the lens in relation to the film or sensor plane-used for macrophotography^ ๏
PC-E
(the "E" designates an electromagnetic diaphragm) (2008-) offer automatic
aperture control
๏
IF (Internal Focus): accomplishes focus through the movement of internallens groups, eliminating extension and rotation of the front lens element,allowing focus to be driven quickly by a small motor
(c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook)
๏
AF-I
(AF-Internal Motor) (1992-): the internal motor focusing the lens is
controlled electronically (not by a mechanical AF connection betweencamera and lens) ๏
ED
: uses "Extra-low Dispersion" glass to reduce chromatic aberration
๏
N
: indicates a new type of lens coating called the โNano Crystal Coatโ used for some teleport lens ๏
VR
(Vibration Reduction): uses a moving optical group to reduce the photographic effects of camera shake.^ ๏
Some
VR lenses also support a panning mode, detecting horizontal
movement of the lens and minimizing only vertical vibration.
๏
G
(gelded): have their aperture rings removed to save cost (won't work on manual focus cameras)
(c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook)
Ideally these areas are soft and smooth.
๏
People genuinely concerned about bokeh shoot f/2.8 or faster lenses. ๏
Newspaper photographers own some kind of 80-200 f/2.8 lens ๏
Pro fashion photographers own 300mm f/2.8 or 400mm f/2.8 lenses.
(c) 2011 P.Fodor (CS Stony Brook)