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Understanding Dyslexia: Definitions, Characteristics, and Interventions, Exams of Communication

Saint Petersburg College (SPC)Communication

An overview of dyslexia, including its historical definitions, characteristics, and related disorders. It covers key aspects such as phonemic awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming, which are crucial for understanding reading and spelling difficulties. The document also outlines the principles of structured literacy and instructional strategies, making it a valuable resource for educators and students interested in learning disabilities. It also includes signs of dyslexia in children and adults. Useful for understanding the complexities of dyslexia and its impact on language learning. It also provides insights into effective teaching methods and diagnostic approaches. A comprehensive resource for anyone seeking to deepen their knowledge of dyslexia and its related challenges.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 06/07/2025

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Domain | 3 | - | ALTA | Exam | with | precise |
detailed | answers
1. Word | Blindness: | Kussmaul | (1877) | and | Hinshelwood | (1895): | Acquired |
reading | disability: | inability | to | read | words
2. Dyslexia | (1887): | Rudolf | Berlin: | acquired | reading | disability: | inability | to | read
| words
3. Congenital | Word | Blindness: | W. | Pringle | Morgan | (1896) |
Hinshelwood | (1896/1917):
-Inability | to | read | without | obvious | injury | or | illness
4. Strephosymbolia | (definition): | Orton | (1925): | "twisted | symbols"
-Dr. | Orton | coined | the | term | to | describe | a | condition | he | observed | in | his |
patients.
5. Word | Deafness: | Orton | and | Dozier | (1937)
6. Specific | Language | Disability: | Gillingham | (1955) | and | June | Orton | (1962)
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1 | / | 57

Domain | 3 | - | ALTA | Exam | with | precise |

detailed | answers

  1. Word | Blindness: | Kussmaul | (1877) | and | Hinshelwood | (1895): | Acquired | reading | disability: | inability | to | read | words
  2. Dyslexia | (1887): | Rudolf | Berlin: | acquired | reading | disability: | inability | to | read | words
  3. Congenital | Word | Blindness: | W. | Pringle | Morgan | (1896) | Hinshelwood | (1896/1917): -Inability | to | read | without | obvious | injury | or | illness
  4. Strephosymbolia | (definition): | Orton | (1925): | "twisted | symbols" -Dr. | Orton | coined | the | term | to | describe | a | condition | he | observed | in | his | patients.
  5. Word | Deafness: | Orton | and | Dozier | (1937)
  6. Specific | Language | Disability: | Gillingham | (1955) | and | June | Orton | (1962)

2 | / | 57

  1. Specific | Developmental | Dyslexia | (Developmental | Dyslexia): | World | Federa- | tion | of | Neurology | (1968)
  2. Dyslexia | (first | definition): | Professor | Berlin | used | this | term | to | describe | six | cases | of | the | loss | to | reading | due | to | "cerebral | symptoms" | during | a | 20-year | period
  3. Father | of | Dyslexia: | Dr. | Samuel | T. | Orton
  4. Primary | reading/spelling | characteristics | of | dyslexia: | • | Difficulty | reading | words | in | isolation
  • Difficulty | accurately | decoding | unfamiliar | words
  • Difficulty | with | oral | reading | (slow, | inaccurate, | or | labored | without | prosody)
  • Difficulty | spelling Some | dyslexics | may | not | exhibit | all | characteristics; | there | are | differences | in |

4 | / | 57 adequate | intelligence, | and | sociocultural | opportunity.

5 | / | 57 "Related | disorders" | include | disorders | similar | to | or | related | to | dyslexia, | such | as | developmental | auditory | imperception, | dysphasia, | specific | developmental | dyslexia, | developmental | dysgraphia, | and | developmental | spelling | disability.

  1. Dr. | Orton | (contributions): | • | Identified | dyslexia | as | a | "specific | language | disabili- | ty"
  • Separated | dyslexics | from | other | sped | students
  • Proposed | a | system | for | diagnosis-Outlined | principles | of | remediation | for | dyslexics
  1. Reading/Spelling | characteristics | of | dyslexia | are | related | to...: | • | Phonemic | awareness | - | Segmenting, | blending, | and manipulating | sounds | in | words; | Learning | letter | names | and | their | associated | sounds
  • Phonological | Memory | - | Holding |

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  • Systematic | and | Cumulative
  • Explicit | Instruction
  • Diagnostic | teaching | to | automaticity
  • Synthetic | and | Analytic | instruction
  1. Principles | of | Instruction | - | Structured | Literacy: | What | is | taught
  • Phonology | and | phonological | awareness
  • Sound-Symbol | Association
  • Syllable
  • Morphology
  • Syntax

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  • Semantics
  • Fluency
  1. Dyslexia | Statistics: | • | Approximately | 10% | of | the | school | age | population | has | dyslexia.
  • 15-20% | of | the | general | population | has | a | language- | based | learning | disability.
  • 70-80% | of | the | students | with | SLD | receiving | special | education | services | have | deficits | in | reading.
  • Dyslexia | is | the | most | common | cause | of | reading, | writing | and | spelling | difficulties.
  1. Specific | Developmental | Disorder: | • | Disorder | specifically | related | to |

10 | / | 57 spoken | by | another | person

  1. otitis | media: | Inflammation | of | the | middle | ear, | commonly | in | children | as | a | result | of | infection
  2. Alexia: | The | loss | of | the | ABILITY | TO | READ, | usually | the | result | of | BRAIN | INJURY
  3. Specific | Developmental | Dyslexia: | A | glitch | in | brain | hard | wiring | for | language | in | fetal | development Difficulty | with | the | alphabet, | reading, | reading | comprehension, | writing, | and | spelling
  4. Developmental | Dysgraphia: | The | inability | to | write | legibly
  5. Developmental | Spelling | Disability: | Significant | difficulty | in | learning | to | spell
  6. Exclusionary | Diagnosis: | All | other | conditions/causes | must | be | ruled | out
  • low | IQ, | physical | handicaps, | environmental | factors, | etc

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  1. aphasia: | Impairment | of | language, | usually | caused | by | left | hemisphere | damage | either | to | Broca's | area | (speech) | or | to | Wernicke's | area | (understanding).
  2. Broca's | aphasia: | Severe | limitations | in | their | speech | output | (expressive)
  • most | common
  • loss | of | fluent | speech | while | retaining | the | ability | to | understand | language
  1. Wernicke's | aphasia: | Severe | limitations | in | their | ability | to | comprehend | spoken | language | (receptive)
  • brain | damage | in | frontal | lobe.
  • speaks | with | ease | but | does | not | understand | language
  1. Signs | of | dyslexia | in | young | children | in | preschool | (common | characteristics): | - | talking |

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  • Remembering | simple | sequences | -days, | abc's, | counting
  • Understanding | rhyming | words
  • Recognizing | words | with | the | same | beginning | sound
  • Clapping | to | rhythm | of | songs
  • Using | specific | names | of | objects | -"stuff" | , | "that | thing"
  • Remembering | spoken | directions
  • Remembering | names | of | places | and | people
  • Understanding | right-left, | up-down, | font-back
  • Sitting | still | for | a | reasonable | period | of | time
  • making | and | keeping | friends | easily
  1. Signs | of | dyslexia | in | adults (common | characteristics): | - | Hide | reading | problem
  • Spell | poorly; | rely | on | others | to | correct | spelling

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  • Avoid | writing; | may | not | be | able | to | write
  • Often | very | competent | in | oral | language
  • Rely | on | memory; | may | have | an | excellent | memory

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  • adequate | vision | and | hearing
  • no | primary | emotional | disturbance
  • fail | when | taught | conventional | educational | techniques
  • result | of | auditory | and | visual | processing | dysfunction
  • include | dyslexia | and | related | disorders
  1. Related | Disorders | (Comorbid | Learning | Disabilities): | Refers | to | learning | dif- | ferences | in:
  • reading | comprehension
  • attention
  • math
  • coordination
  • social | skills
  • oral | language | disorders

17 | / | 57

  1. Related | Disorder: | Reading | Comprehension: | • | Reading | Comprehension | is | below | average
  • Math | is | usually | below | average
  • Written | Expression | below | average | (weak | organization)
  1. Related | Disorder: | Attention | Deficit | Hyperactivity | Disorder | (ADHD): | Chronic | neurobiological | disorder | that | interfere | with | a | person's | capacity | to | attend | to | tasks, | regulate | activity, | and | inhibit | behavior | in | ways | appropriate | to | their | age | and | circum- | stances.
  • Sustained | attention | below | average
  • Inhibition | below | average
  • Impulsivity
  • Hyperactive | or | Hypoactive | behaviors May | be | caused | by | a | lack | of | precise | regulation | of | neurochemicals | in | the | brain | ( | e.g. | fluctuating | amounts | of | dopamine)

19 | / | 57

  • Difficulty | copying
  • Poor | fine | motor | skills
  • Difficulty | remembering | the | kinesthetic | movements | to | form | letters | correctly
  1. Related | Disorder: | Social | Communication: | -Pragmatic | Language | Impairment -Autism | Spectrum | Disorder
  • social | skills | weakness
  • non | verbal | learning | disability
  • mood | disorder, | anxiety, | and/or | depression
  1. Related|Disorder:|Oral|Language|Disorder|-(Dysphasia|/|Aphasia):|An|ac- |quired|neurological|impairment|of|processing|for|receptive|and/or|expressive | lan- | guage. -difficulty | associating | meaning | to | spoken | language
  • Oral | Language | below | average

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  • Expressive | Language | Disorder
  • Mixed | Receptive/Expressive | Language | Disorder
  1. Reading | is | NOT...: | ...a | natural | process, | it | must | be | taught.
  • "spoke | language | is | innate." | (Chomsky)
  • Reading | is | an | acquired | act, | an | innovation | of | man.
  1. Relationship | between | executive | function | and | dyslexia:|Working | memory | is | a | subtype | of | executive | function | that | includes | capabilities | of | processing, | storage | and | retrieval. Working|memory|and|subsequent|skills|directly|impact|decoding|difficulty|seen | with | dyslexia.