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Almost every religion on earth has some divine entity. The followers belive in divin might without any questions.
Typology: Summaries
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Divine Command revelation strong weak Euthyphro dilemma omnipotence omnibenevolence modified arbitrariness injustices Adams benevolent nature Baggini another question
Key arguments/debates The main debate is that some philosophers see morality as something external to God and there are many different non-theistic explanations for morality. Others would argue that if morality had a divine source there would be similar moral systems between religions. Key questions Does Adams solve the Euthyphro dilemma? Are there better alternatives to Divine Command theory?
■ Divine Command theory is usually associated with religious traditions that see morality as part of divine revelation. ■ God establishes a moral order as an omnipotent and omnibenevolent being for the good of humanity. ■ Divine Command Theory followers associate the sense of ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ as something given by God and directly related to teachings of scripture. ■ For example, the 10 commandments or the revelations found in the Qur’an. From this, human beings are directed to right behaviour. ■ Strong Divine Command Theory sees all scripture as detailing behaviour; weak Divine Command Theory argues that God gives commands that determine the boundaries and content of one’s decision making e.g. the general moral duties extracted from teachings such as the Sermon on the Mount. ■ Other challenges have been raised including: ■ There is too much variation within and between religions to take Divine Command theory seriously. ■ Divine Command Theory seemingly promotes injustices against women, homosexuality and accepts the existence of slavery. ■ Jesus demonstrated the internal conflict between the old laws and the new kingdom he was establishing suggesting that some Divine Command theory rules can be dispensed with or at best reinterpreted.
■ The traditional challenge to Divine Command theory is Euthyphro dilemma. ■ Plato’s historical character Socrates raises an important question for the character Euthyphro about the foundation of ‘goodness’. ■ Is the holy approved by the Gods because it is holy or is it holy because it is approved by the Gods? (holy refers to ethical goodness). ■ This has two important implications for the omnipotence and omnibenevolence of God: ■ 1. If God commands something because it is morally right then this means morality is independent of God and is something God neither created nor controls. Therefore God is not omnipotent. ■ 2. If something is good because God says it is then this means that the ‘objectivity’ of morality is dependent upon God. This means that it is arbitrary in theory since God could will genocide to be good. The arbitrariness problem begs the question of God’s omnibenevolence. ■ The philosopher Robert Adams modified Divine Command theory to meet the Euthyphro challenge, specifically the second criticism. ■ Adams proposed that goodness is part of God’s being and as such cannot be arbitrary since goodness dictates that God would never command anything beyond this. ■ Julian Baggini responded by pointing out that this just raises another question: is God’s nature good because it is God’s or because it is good?