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Biology 119: Diversity, Physiology & Ecology - Understanding Animal Life and its Diversity, Study notes of Biology

State University of New York at Geneseo (SUNY)Biology
Prof. Ray Spear

An overview of the biology 119 course, focusing on diversity, physiology & ecology. The course is taught by dr. Kristi hannam, dr. Ray spear, ms. Regina clinton, and andrew cannon. Topics covered include the unity and diversity of life, structure and function, control systems, and animal evolution and diversity. Students will learn about hox genes, animal characteristics, and the role of hox genes in animal development.

Typology: Study notes

2011/2012

Uploaded on 05/13/2012

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First Time PRS Users: You must enter your G00#
before you can use your Clicker to transmit Responses
1 - Power on your Clicker.
2 - When autoscan begins, press *
to stop it.
3 - Press * to display the Setup
Menu.
4 - Press ↑or↓togetto the ID:
menu then press GREEN
ARROW to select it.
5 - Input your G00#.
Enterthe“G”byusingletter
keys and ↑or↓
6 - Press GREEN ARROW to save
your G00#
Biology 119: Diversity, Physiology
& Ecology
About this Course
•Instructors:
•Dr. Kristi Hannam
•Dr. Ray Spear
•Ms. Regina Clinton
•Andrew Cannon - SI
•Syllabus Highlights:
–Tex t
–Course Materials/MyCourses
–Grading
•Exams
•Homework/Quizzes
•PRS
Themes in this Course
•Diversity and Unity of Life
•Structure and Function
•Control Systems
•Organization of Life above the Organism
Unity & Diversity of Life
What do living things have in common?
What explains the diversity we see among living
things?
Diversity: How Many Species Are there?
•A. About 150,000
•B. About 1 million
•C. About 10 million
•D. About 30 million
•E. I have no clue
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Download Biology 119: Diversity, Physiology & Ecology - Understanding Animal Life and its Diversity and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

First Time PRS Users: You must enter your G00#

before you can use your Clicker to transmit Responses

1 - Power on your Clicker. 2 - When autoscan begins, press * to stop it. 3 - Press * to display the Setup Menu. 4 - Press ↑ or ↓to get to the ID: menu then press GREEN ARROW to select it. 5 - Input your G00#. Enter the “G” by using letter keys and ↑ or ↓ 6 - Press GREEN ARROW to save your G00#

Biology 119: Diversity, Physiology

& Ecology

About this Course

  • Instructors:
    • Dr. Kristi Hannam
    • Dr. Ray Spear
    • Ms. Regina Clinton
    • Andrew Cannon - SI
  • Syllabus Highlights:
    • Text
    • Course Materials/MyCourses
    • Grading
      • Exams
      • Homework/Quizzes
      • PRS

Themes in this Course

  • Diversity and Unity of Life
  • Structure and Function
  • Control Systems
  • Organization of Life above the Organism

Unity & Diversity of Life

What do living things have in common?

What explains the diversity we see among living

things?

Diversity: How Many Species Are there?

  • A. About 150,
  • B. About 1 million
  • C. About 10 million
  • D. About 30 million
  • E. I have no clue

What are all those species and where are

they found?

  • “One cubic foot” – National Geographic, Feb 2010
    • (seehttp://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/02/ cubic-foot/wilson-text )
  • E.O. Wilson: 18 yr study of "big-headed ants"
    • 624 species. A majority, 337, were new to science.
  • Other studies have shown:
    • 1m^2 of temperate forest soil can hold 200,000 mites and tens of thousands of other invertebrates.
    • 1m^2 soil from tropical grasslands can hold 32 million nematodes, & 1 g of the same soil might hold 90 million bacteria and other microbes.

BIODIVERSITY

  • Why should we spend time studying the

diversity of other life forms on the planet?

Recent Biodiversity Headlines

  • New frog trumps miniscule fish for title of 'world's smallest vertebrate
  • Voracious Demand Threatens Manta and Mobula Rays
  • As Biodiversity Declines, Disease Flourishes
  • Wild bees and the flowers they pollinate are disappearing together

Animal Evolution &

Diversity

How Many Animal Species Are there?

  • A. About 1 million
  • B. About 10 million
  • C. About 30 million
  • D. About 150 million
  • E. I have no clue

How Much Animal

Diversity?

  • 1.3 million NAMED animal sp. living on earth today ~ 10,000 “new” species discovered each year

  • ~35 phyla
    • Mostly aquatic/marine
  • Arthropods ~ 95% of known animal species - 99% of all known animal species are smaller than bumble bees
  • Animals are monophyletic
  • The common ancestor was probably a colonial flagellated protist - like modern choanoflagellates?
  • Reconstructions depend on many lines of evidence Sphaeroeca, a colony of choanoflagellates morphological similarities of choanoflagellates and sponge choanocytes Fig. 32- 3 OTHER EUKARYOTES Choanoflagellates Sponges Other animals Animals Individual choanoflagellate Collar cell (choanocyte) Three lines of evidence that choanoflagellates are closely related to animals MOLECULAR MORPHOLOGICAL MORPHOLOGICAL Phylogenies are reconstructions (hypotheses) of evolutionary history
  • One hypothesis of animal phylogeny is based mainly on “body plans” ANCESTRAL COLONIAL FLAGELLATE Deuterostomia Protostomia Bilateria Eumetazoa Metazoa^ Porifera Cnidaria Ctenophora Ectoprocta Brachiopoda Echinodermata Chordata Platyhelminthes Rotifera Mollusca Annelida Arthropoda Nematoda Classifying Animals: the role of “body plans” Note important branching points. Phylogeny based on morphology ANCESTRAL COLONIAL FLAGELLATE Deuterostomia Protostomia Bilateria Eumetazoa Metazoa^ Porifera Cnidaria Ctenophora Ectoprocta Brachiopoda Echinodermata Chordata Platyhelminthes Rotifera Mollusca Annelida Arthropoda Nematoda Figure 32. What morphological and developmental traits are used to characterize groups of animals? Animals can be categorized according to the symmetry of their bodies, or lack of it
  • NO symmetry
  • Radial symmetry
  • Dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) sides
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • A dorsal (top) side and a ventral (bottom) side
  • A right and left side
  • Anterior (head) and posterior (tail) ends
  • Cephalization , the development of a head Organisms showing radial symmetry would most likely:
  • a. be good swimmers
  • b. have rapid escape behavior
  • c. move from place to place relatively

slowly, if at all

  • d. be able to fly
  • e. have many fins

Radiata vs. Bilateralia

  • Radial Symmetry

  • /= 2 planes of symmetry

  • Cylinder shaped
  • Capture food/ react to predators from any direction - Bilateral symmetry - Only 1 plane of symmetry - Face their environment from only one direction

Bilateria show cephalization

What traits go along with

cephalization?

Cephalization

  • Cephalization arose in the bilateria
  • Concentration of sensory cells @ anterior
  • Development of CNS
  • Directed Movement

Animal body plans also vary according to the

organization of the animal’s TISSUES

  • During development germ layers give rise to

the tissues and organs of the animal embryo

  • Porifora: NO germ layers, NO true tissues
  • Radiata: 2 germ layers (diploblastic)
    • Ectoderm, endoderm
  • Bilateria: 3 germ layers (triploblastic)
    • Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

Radiata vs. Bilateralia

  • Radial Symmetry

  • /= 2 planes of symmetry

  • Cylinder shaped
  • Capture food/ react to predators from any direction
  • TWO GERM LAYERS
    • Bilateral symmetry
    • Only 1 plane of symmetry
    • Face their environment from only one direction
    • THREE GERM LAYERS ANCESTRAL COLONIAL FLAGELLATE Deuterostomia Protostomia Bilateria Eumetazoa Metazoa^ Porifera Cnidaria Ctenophora Ectoprocta Brachiopoda Echinodermata Chordata Platyhelminthes Rotifera Mollusca Annelida Arthropoda Nematoda Distinctions between Radiata & Bilateria Classifying groups within the Bilateria