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Hi this is Doctor Rosenthal right back at you you're making terrific progress you're learning a ton of material and I know that your confidence is going through the roof all right we were talking about existential therapy all in all existential counselors have faith in their clients ability to change and they stress autonomy. In the US the existential movement was sparked by Rollo May and later Irvin yalom who is well known for his writing on group Psychotherapy and counseling you may be asked to identify the terms umwelt, mightwelt and eigenwelt the umwelt refers to the biological world of self-awareness the mightwelt is the world of relationships or encounters with others the eigenwelt is the world of the Identity or of the self. You should also remember that according to this Theory man is free culture
upbringing and external circumstances are seen as excuses they may limit people but they don't totally determine Behavior. this existential notion has been criticized recently for example interventionist using this modality often worried that poor and poverty-stricken clients will feel that they are being blamed for their predicament Multicultural counselors point out that external and environmental factors such as oppression racism and discrimination can have a huge impact and that existential Theory minimizes this. Existentialism also emphasizes death or the reality of non-being or non-existence; it is said that death really gives life reality and meaning .Because of this an individual may feel what is known as existential guilt which refers to not utilizing present
strategies. others accuse it being cloaked in vague and mystical language and assert that is really simply a reaction against the scientific method for example what you would see in behavior therapy one thing for sure it is decidedly not systematic and it lacks specificity okay time to ask you a very important question have you been on a grad school for a while?Well how about it have you? If your answer was yes then it might come as a surprise to you to discover that many counseling textbooks have a chapter devoted to a classification of psychotherapeutic intervention that you most likely never studied and that my dear listener is the category of postmodern and social constructionism approaches. most notably solution-focused brief therapy or SFBT for short and narrative
therapy the postmodern view is that reality is socially constructed in the traditional or modern view the client often seeks therapy when he has deviated too far from what he considers normal for example the therapist might administer a psychological test to the client and dispute his Reality by saying the depression inventory indicates your normal, you are not depressed in the postmodern view however the client's reality for example in this case that he is depressed is accepted whether it is accurate or not. In social constructionism the therapist does not accept the role of the all-knowing expert instead the helper acts like a consultant or a partner. The counselor is said to build a collaborative relationship with a client. Clients are seen as experts who know their lives
Scott Miller and more recently Bob Bordelino. The approach is very optimistic; it makes the assumption that the client has the ability to solve his or her problems. the job of the counselors to make the client aware that he or she has this ability or this competence. in solution-focused therapy the counselor looks for what is working. Therefore therapist of this ilk? are fond of asking exception questions. For example, was there ever a time when you did get along with your father. or try this was there ever a period When you were not anxious? sfbt also makes use of a concept Deshazer termed the miracle question. the counselor would say something like if a miracle occurred and your problem was solved overnight how would you know it was solved? what exactly would be different? to
piggyback on this strategy, solution-focused helpers rely on scaling questions. this is somewhat analogous the suds intervention used in Wolpe’s systematic desensitization the counselor might ask a client on a scale of 1 to 10 with 1 representing how you felt during the first session of therapy and 10 how you will feel when your Miracle occurs how would you rate your level of depression right this moment? scaling helps monitor the clients progress. The brief therapist often relies on FFST or the so-called formula first session task. this merely implies that the therapist will often prescribe homework between the first and second therapy sessions. do Brief therapies or BT's as they are sometimes called Really Work? The jury is still out. November 1995 survey conducted by Consumers Reports
really important if the client already has a DSM diagnosis and is labeling himself or herself. The therapist questions imply that the problem is outside the person for example: how does the anxiety that was passed on to you from your parents sneak up on you and cause problems in your marriage. the therapist who again acts like a partner might say would you join me in my fight to eliminate these episodes that keep you from having the marriage you want. The therapist helps the client construct and re-author new healthy Stories. The therapist may even send the clients the client letters Illuminating the new story and in the letters they will point out positive healthy changes in the client. kind of interesting some experts insist that the letters have more influence on the client than the actual therapy sessions.
That concludes my discussion of the major forms of psychotherapeutic intervention sure there are less known modalities of counseling there's Arthur janov Primal scream which works on every action. Or Wilhelm Reich Vegetotherapy, in which he postulated that mental health could be achieved by repeated sexual orgasm. or bioenergetics and rolfing. Which are based on reichy? and principles and both rely on bottling manipulation or massage. or how about George Kelly’s psychology of personal constructs where the client is often asked to write a sketch of himself and then act it out. The sketch would talk about the person that you really want to be. There are lots of methods but now you know the primary principles of the major modalities used by most counselors
The most powerful factor for abetting change, at least according to a lot of researchers, is empathy. empathy is simply understanding another person's frame of reference. In addition to empathy good counselors demonstrate respect. or what is sometimes known as positive regard. respect means the counselor is non-judgemental. The final factor in addition to empathy and respect is genuineness and congruence. It has been said that good counselors practicing different schools of therapy, seem to be more alike who aren't that great who practice the same school of thought. Perhaps that's because good counselors have empathy, respect and genuineness; these are known as the human relations core. experts also mention the social influence core. The first social influence factor is confidence,
the counselor who feels confident will not put himself or herself down. Instead this counselor will set realistic goals with clients and accept mistakes. Another social factor is intimacy, a counselor who has a problem in this area will be distant and may feel rejection in the counseling setting. Counselors with difficulty in this respect may not confront the client. confrontation in counseling by the way occurs when there is a discrepancy between different verbalizations that the client uses or when there's a discrepancy between nonverbal and verbal behavior and a counselor points it out. of course if you're worried about intimacy issues you may not hit the client with a confrontation cuz you'll be worried that they will reject you. then there is power which is another social influence factor. a
Torrey humorously refers to the edifice complex or office complex rather than the Oedipus complex that Freud proposed. The edifice complex would suggest that the correct decor, degrees and wall plaques can really improve your chances of being perceived as an expert. Attractiveness refers to how positive the client thinks and feels toward the counselor on an interpersonal level. The final social factor is trustworthiness in counseling. Trustworthiness can increase in time if the helper seems reliable, dependable and interested in helping. If the client feels like he or she is merely a check for $85 an hour then I guarantee you there will be a little Trust. Violating confidentiality is another great way to kill trustworthiness and also pick up a malpractice suit. A good counselor has several other important skills, first he
or she is attentive or what is known in the field as attending Behavior. Attending behavior on the part of the counselor is defined as any behavior that enhances communication and builds Rapport, such as open posture, active listening and good eye contact. By giving the client complete attention the client knows the counselor is listening, minimal encouragers such as mmhmmm, yes and go on also help facilitate attending to attain excellent attending skills the counselor cannot be thinking about his or her own personal problems. Good counselors also seem to inquire by asking mainly open-ended rather than closed-ended questions. closed-ended questions are bad because the client can repeatedly answer them with yes and no answers. Do you like your job? is a closed-ended question. While tell me your feelings
client's communication. One caution here folks do not PARROT back the clients message. Parroting back statements verbatim causes the interview to go around in circles so you never really get anywhere. Moreover, studies show that clients who were the victims of parroting often felt uncomfortable and sometimes they were even angry at the client or the counselor rather. A really disgruntled client might say something to the counselor like yeah I just said that now why are you saying it? Try to use fresh words that the client has not used when you paraphrase. Another important skill is reflecting. reflection is really a type of paraphrasing. Technically some scholars in the field use the term reflection when the paraphrasing deals with emotional content rather than just facts. Other
experts simply refer to reflection of cognition or content versus reflection of emotion regarding feelings to distinguish the two types of paraphrasing. Recently some of the literature in the field speaks of micro skills of attending here are the micro skills that facilitate helping No 1: face the clients squarely your body posture must indicate involvement. You may wish to angle your body slightly toward the client. if the client seems threatened then that's going to be a problem so you won't want to do that. No 2: adopt an open posture, sitting with crossed arms and legs at all times is a no no. It says to the client that my counselor is not open and he or she is not available to me. No 3: Lean Forward slightly not like you're eating spaghetti and not one of
