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fatty alcohol sulfate--the product obtained by treating a one-chain
fatty alcohol with a sulfonating agent, the major constituent being the half sulfuric acid ester of the fatty alcohol or a salt thereof. D 459, D fatty matter, free--the sum of the free rosin acids and free fatty acids plus the unsaponified and unsaponifiable fatty matter. D 459, D
fatty matter, total--fatty and rosin acids plus unsaponified and
unsaponifiable fatty matter. This fatty matter is usually isolated from an acidic 50/50 volume percent solution of ethanol and water by extraction with petroleum ether, as per Test Method D 460 and Test Methods D 820. D 459, D fatty matter, unsapouillable---fatty matter (other than acids) that contain no saponifiable esters, such as fatty alcohols, and mineral oil. D 459, D fatty matter, unsapouilled--fatty matter containing saponifiable esters, such as fatty oils, glycerides, and lanolin. D 459, D
fat wrinkle---wrinkles on the grain of leather caused by fat deposits
in the live animal. D 1517, D fault--a fracture or fracture zone along which there has been displacement of the two sides relative to one another parallel to the fracture (this displacement may be a few centimetres or many
kilometres). (See also joint fault set and joint fault system.
(ISRM) D 653, D 18
fault breccia--the assemblage of broken rock fragments frequently found along faults. The fragments may vary in size from inches to feet. (ISRM) D 653, D fault gouge--a clay-like material occurring between the walls of a fault as a result of the movement along the fault surfaces. (ISRM) D 653, D
faulting of joints and cracks, n--difference in elevation across a
joint or crack. E 867, E
faulting of joints and cracks, n--difference in elevation across a
joint or crack. E 1778, E
laying surface---the surface that makes contact with another surface.
E 631, E
faying surface--the surface that makes contact with another surface. E 1749, E faying surface seal--a seal installed between two overlapping surfaces. E 631, E
laying surface seal--a seal installed between two overlapping
surfaces. E 1749, E FDA--Food and Drug Administration (USA). D 6161, D feasibility study, n (ttude de faisabilitt)--study of a planned scheme or development, the practicality of its achievement, and its projected financial outcome. E 631, E feasibility study, n (ttude de faisabilitt)--study of a planned scheme or development, the practicality of its achievement, and its projected financial outcome. E 1480, E feather---See striation. C 162, C
feather fiber, n---detached barbs of feathers which are not joined or
attached to each other. D 123, D
feather fiber, n--detached barbs of feathers which are not joined or
attached to each other. D 7022, D
feathering, n - - a ragged edge on printed type. D 6488, D
feathering, n - - a ragged or finely trailing pattern at the sharp edge of
type or solid areas. D 6488, D
feathering--See fairing. E 631, E
featheringmSee fairing. E 1749, E
feathering--an undesirable thread-like deposit extending radially from the edge of an image. F 221, F
feathering--an undesirable thread-like deposit extending radially
from the edge of an image (Terminology F 221). F 335, F
feathering, n m a type of element irregular wear characterized by thin
strips of rubber extending from the edge of the element. F 538, F
feathering, n - - i n k spread over substrate causing fuzzy edges, spidery
lines and poor print quality. See also wicking. F 1857, F
feathers--an imperfection consisting of clusters of fine seed caused
Federal Register (FR)
by dirt or foreign material entering the glass at the time of casting or shaping. C 162, C
feathers, n--the outgrowth forming the contour and external covering
of fowl. D 123, D
feathers, n--the outgrowth forming the contour and external covering
of fowl. D 7022, D
feathers, crushed, n--feathers and feather fiber resulting from
curling, crushing, or chopping feathers without removing the quill. D 123, D
feathers, crushed, n--feathers and feather fiber resulting from
curling, crushing, or chopping feathers without removing the quill. D 7022, D 13
feathers, damaged, n--feathers that have been broken, damaged by
insects, by mildew or rot, or otherwise materially injured. D 123, D
feathers, damaged, n--feathers that have been broken, damaged by
insects, by mildew or rot, or otherwise materially injured. D 7022, D 13
feathers, landfowl, n---See feathers, nonwaterfowl. D 123, D
feathers, landfowl, n--See feathers, nonwaterfowl. D 7022 D
feathers, nestling, n--immature feathers in which the barbs are held
together and covered by a sheath. D 123, D
feathers, nestling, n--immature feathers in which the barbs are held
together and covered by a sheath. D 7022, D
feathers, nonwaterfowl, n--feathers derived from chickens, turkeys,
or other landfowl. (Syn. feathers, landfowl) D 123, D
feathers, nonwaterfowl, n--feathers derived from chickens, turkeys,
or other landfowl. (Syn. feathers, landfowl.) D 7022, D
feathers, quill, n--feathers which are over 100 mm (4 in.) in length
or which have a quill point exceeding 9.5 nun (6/16 in.) in length. D 123, D
feathers, quill, n--feathers which are over 100 mm (4 in.) in length
or which have a quill point exceeding 9.5 mm (6/16 in.) in length. D 7022, D 13
feathers, waterfowl, n--feathers from ducks or geese, or both.
D 123, D
feathers, waterfowl, n--feathers from ducks or geese, or both.
D 7022, D 13
feature, n----of a facility, a physical element of a building, building
component, building subsystem, unit of furnishing or equipment, or of a location, or of an aspect of design, arrangement, form or color, which helps or hinders the satisfaction of a requirement for serviceability. E 631, E featured edge, n - - a n edge configuration of the paper bound edge of gypsum board that provides special design or performance. C 11, C l l
feature, n (616mentcaracttristique)---of a facility, a building element,
building component, building subsystem, unit of furnishing or equipment, or aspects of design, arrangement, form of color, which helps or hinders the satisfaction of a requirement for serviceability. E 631, E
feature, n (616mentcaracttristique)--of a facility, a building element,
building component, building subsystem, unit of furnishing or equipment, or aspects of design, arrangement, form of color, which helps or hinders the satisfaction of a requirement for serviceability.
combination of features, n (616ments caracttristiques combint)
---of a facility, features which, when present together in a
facility, affect satisfying a requirement for serviceability.
E 1480, E
feature extraction--characterization of objects in an image, usually
with the goal of distinguishing those objects. E 1316, E
feature-specific measurement, n - - a n individual measurement of
each detected feature in the field of view. E 7, E federal agency--any department, agency, office, or other independent establishment of the government. E 2135, E Federal Register (FR)--publication of the United States government published daily (except for Federal holidays and weekends) containing all proposed and final regulations and some other
Federal Register (FR)
activities of the Federal government. When regulations become final, they are included in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) as well as published in the Federal Register. D 5681, D Federal Register (FR)---document published daily by the Federal Government that contains such entries as proposed or final regulations. See CFR and Code of Federal Regulation. E 631, E feebly magnetic material--a material generally classified as "non- magnetic," whose maximum normal permeability is less than 4. A 340, A feed--the input solution to a treatment/purification system or device, including the raw water supply prior to any treatment. The liquid entering the module. D 6161, D feed channel spacer--a plastic netting between membrane leaves which provides the flow channel for the fluid passing over the surface of the membrane and increases the turbulence of the feed-brine stream. D 6161, D feed chute--a device that can replace the carriage for the purpose of slicing multiple small cross-sectional food products. This device also includes an end weight or spring to permit slicing of product to within the last one-quarter inch. F 1827, F feed distributor the plastic mesh cylinder at the core of the fiber bundle which distributes the feed evenly. D 6161, D feeder--a mechanical device for regularly producing and delivering gobs of glass to a forming unit. C 162, C feeder process--See gob process. C 162, C feeder shoe--See pusher. F 592, F feed, gravity, n--the movement of materials from one container to another container or location by force of gravity. C 1145, C feed pretreatment--process carded out on a crude (raw) feed stream prior to feeding to a membrane separation system to eliminate objectionable components such as biological agents and colloids that might impede the stable operation of the membrane. D 6161, D feedstock, n--in metal injection molding (MIM), a moldable mixture of metal powder and binder. B 243, B feedstock--the base raw material that is the source of carbohydrate, such as starch, for producing sugars that can be fermented into alcohol and carbon dioxide. E 1705, E feed-through coils--see encircling coils. E 1316, E feed unit, n--inan open-end spinning machine, the device which presents the feed stock to the opening roller by either a feed roller and feed plate combination or interacting feed rollers. (See also opening device.) D 123, D feed unit, n--inan open-end spinning machine, the device which presents the feed stock to the opening roller by either a feed roller and feed plate combination or interacting feed rollers. (See also opening device.) D 3888, D feed water--that water entering a device or process. D 6161, D feldspar--a mineral aggregate consisting chiefly of microcline, albite, or anorthite or combination thereof. C 242, C Felicity effect--the presence of acoustic emission, detectable at a fixed predetermined sensitivity level at stress levels below those previously applied. (E 1067) E 1316, E Felicity ratio--the ratio of the stress at which the Felicity effect occurs to the previously applied maximum stress. (E 1067, E 1118) NO~E The fixed sensitivity level will usually be the same as was used for the previous loading or test. (E 1118) E 1316, E felt, n - - a textile (fabric) characterized by the densely matted condi- tion of most or all of the fibers of which it is composed. D 123, D felt, n - - a textile structure characterized by interlocking and consoli- dation of its constituent fibers achieved by the interaction of a suitable combination of mechanical energy, chemical action, moisture, and heat but without the use of weaving, knitting, stitching, thermal bonding, or adhesives. D 123, D felt--a flexible sheet manufactured by the interlocking of fibers with
a binder or through a combination of mechanical work, moisture, and heat. Felts are manufactured principally from vegetable fibers (organic felts), asbestos fibers (asbestos felts) or glass fibers (glass fiber felts); other fibers may be present in each type. 1) 1079, D felt, n - - a textile structure characterized by interlocking and consoli- dation of its constituent fibers achieved by the interaction of a suitable combination of mechanical energy, chemical action, moisture, and heat but without the use of weaving, knitting, stitching, thermal bonding, or adhesives. D 4845, D felt layer--O) a machine used for applying bitumen and built-up roofing felts; (2) See ply. D 1079, D felt mill ream--the mass in pounds of 480 ft2 of dry, unsaturated felt, also termed "point weight." D 1079, D felt side---the top side of the paper in the paper manufacturing process as opposed to wire side. Optical scanning forms should be printed on the felt side. F 149, F female end of pipe (hell, socket, groove, modified groove)--that portion of the end of the pipe, regardless of its shape or dimensions, which overlaps a portion of the end of the adjoining pipe. C 822, C female member--the component that accommodates and encloses the male member at the box lock junction. F 921, F FEMF--Fuel Ethanol Manufacturing Facility. E 1705, E femtolitre, n - - a cubic micron; a measurement of cell volume. F 2312, F fence---a part of the lever that fits into tumbler gates, permitting the lever to engage the drive cam. F 471, F fenee--a type of barrier consisting of, but not limited to, posts, boards, wire, stakes, or rails that is used to inhibit patrons from coming into contact with the moving portion or restricted portion of an amusement ride or device. F 747, F fence nail--stout, bright, regular-stock-steel, 13/4 by 0.135 to 4 by 0.225-in. nails with large flat 9/3~ to 15/32-in. head and medium diamond point. F 547, F "fence type" boom--boom consisting of a self-supporting or stiff- ened membrane supported by flotation. F 818, F Feret's diameter--See caliper diameter. E 7, E fermentation--decomposition of organic compounds, by microor- ganisms, to fuels and chemicals such as alcohols, acids, and energy-rich gases. E 1705, E fermentation--the biochemical reaction process where microorgan- isms in a nutrient medium convert a feedstock to a product. E 1705, E fermentation fuei--a fuel produced by fermentation of biomass. Noax--Ethyl alcohol is the most common form of fermentation fuel. E 772, E fermentation fuel--a fuel produced by fermentation of biomass. E 1705, FA Fermi energy (level)--for metals, the energy of the top-most filled electron level at zero Kelvin. For insulators and semiconductors, the Fermi level is usually between the valence and conduction bands. E 673, E Fermi level referencing-- XPS, a method of establishing the binding energy scale for a particular specimen by assigning the kinetic energy corresponding to the Fermi level, as determined by analysis of the specimen's XPS or UPS spectrum, as the point of zero binding energy. See also Fermi energy (level). E 673, E ferric chloride---crystalline form of FeC1 3 6H20, a coagulant. D 6161, D ferric sulfate----Fe2(SO 4 )3-9H20, a coagulant. D 6161, D ferrimagnetic material--a material whose atomic magnetic mo- ments are both ordered and anti-parallel but being unequal in magnitude produce a net magnetization in one direction. A 340, A ferrite--a term referring to magnetic oxides in general, and especially to material having the formula M O Fe E O 3, where M is a divalent
fiber cohesion, n
fiber cohesion, n--for asbestos, force required to separate fibers from
each other. D 2946, C fiber cohesion, n - - i n textiles, the resistance to separation of fibers in contact with one another. D 4849, D fiber content the amount of fiber present in a composite expressed eider as percent by weight or percent by volume. This is sometimes stated as a fraction, that is, fiber volume fraction. D 3878, D fiber content--the amount of fiber present in a composite, usually expressed as volume percent of the composite. E 631, E fiber content--the amount of fiber present in a composite, usually expressed as volume percent of the composite. E 1749, E fiber density, n--mass per unit volume of the solid matter of which a fiber is composed, measured under specified conditions. D 123, D fiber (fibre)--a structural feature of wrought metal revealed by directional properties, manifested by the appearance of an etched longitudinal section, by the appearance of a fracture, or by an X-ray pattern of crystal orientations. E 7, E fiberfill, n--manufactured fibers especially engineered as to linear density, cut length, and crimp for use as a textile filling material. D 123, D fiberfill, n--manufactured fibers especially engineered as to linear density, cut length, and crimp for use as a textile filling material. D 7022, D fiberglass, reinforcement----continuously formed fibers added to enhance the overall performance of a matrix. Fiber glasses used for specific chemical or physical properties, or both, include:
A-glass--compositions typically with lower electrical resis-
tivity, strength, and durability than E-glass.
AR-glass----compositions resistant to corrosion by alkali.
C-glass---compositions resistant to corrosion by most acids.
D-glass---compositions with a low dielectric constant.
E-glass--compositions with electrical properties, strength,
and durability appropriate for most applications.
E-CR-glass--E-glass compositions modified for improved
resistance to corrosion by most acids.
R-glass--compositions with high tensile strength, resistant to
corrosion by most acids.
S-glass----compositions with high tensile strength, elastic
modulus and service temperature. C 162, C fiber length--when applied to a pulp, this applies to the mean fiber length and both the experimental details and the calculations must be specified. D 1695, D fiber length distribution--the frequency distribution of the indi- vidual fiber lengths in a material about the mean fiber length. D 1695, D fiber-mat reinforced products, n--manufactured thin section com- posites of hydraulic cementitious matrices and non-asbestos fibers in two-dimensional scrim(s). C 1154, C fiber, optical--a fiber with high transmittance, low scattering, and minimal transverse loss of light. C 162, C fiber optic buffer, n--material placed on or around a cladded optical fiber to protect it from mechanical damage. E 131, E
fiber optic chemical sensor, n - - a fiber optic sensor that responds to a chemical stimulus. E 131, E
fiber optics, n--the branch of science and technology devoted to the transmission of radiant energy through fibers made of transparent materials. E 131, E
fiber optics--method by which light is transmitted through thin transparent fibers. E 1316, E
fiber optic sensor, n - - a device that responds to an external stimulus and transmits through an optical fiber a modulated optical signal, indicating one or more characteristics of the stimulus. E 131, El fiber or frit-type reference electrode--a reference electrode in
which the filling solution contacts the sample solution by means of asbestos fibers or a small sintered piece of porous glass. D 4127, D fiber orientation--the direction or alignment of the longitudinal axis of the fiber with respect to a stated reference axis. E 631, E fiber orientation--the direction or alignment of the longitudinal axis of the fiber with respect to a stated reference axis. E 1749, E fiber pick, n--the delaminating, splitting, or tearing of paper surface fibers that occurs when the force between the paper and blanket exceeds the surface strength of the paper. D 6488, D fiber prominenee---a visible and measurable pattern of the reinforc- ing material on the surface of a pultruded plastic part. D 3918, D
fiber-reinforced, adj--imparting improved properties to hydraulic
cement matrices due to the inclusion of fibers. C 1154, C fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP), n - - a plastic that contains fibers in various forms such as cloth, mat, strands, or chopped to enhance properties. D 907, D fiber rope, n - - a rope produced primarily from textile fibers. D 123, D fibers, n--slender filaments, which may be discrete or in the form of bundles, networks, or strands of natural or manufactured materials, which can be distributed uniformly throughout a fresh cementi- titus mixture. C 125, C fibers--the slender threadlike elements or groups of wood fibers or similar cellulosic material resulting from chemical or mechanical defiberization, or both, and sometimes referred to as fiber bundles. D 1554, D fibers, n--particulate matter with a length of 100 ~rn or greater and a length-to-width ratio of 10 to 1 or greater. G 126, G fiber saturation point--the moisture content at which the cell walls are saturated with water (bound water) and no water is held in the cell cavities by capillary forces. It usually is taken as 25 to 30 % moisture content, based on weight when ovendry. D 9, D fiber saturation point--the moisture content in the absorption of water by cellulose when the cell walls are saturated, but virtually no free water is present in the grosser capillary structure. The concept is based on the hypothesis that a discontinuity occurs in the sorption curve at this point. Some careful studies of the region have failed to show a discontinuity, but it is still possible to define "fiber saturation point" as an extrapolation of the adsorption curve. In any case, it should only be used with reference to the method of determination. D 1695, D fiber show, n--strands or bundles of fibers not covered by resin which are at or above the surface of a reinforced plastic. D 883, D fiber show--strands or bundles of fibers that are not covered by resin and that are at or above the surface of a reinforced plastic pultrusion. D 3918, D fiber spicule---rod-like piece composed of asbestos fibers that are in close-packed parallel orientation, undisturbed from their natural relative positions, and sufficiently numerous to render the piece inflexible. D 2946, C fiber strength unit--see strengthunit. D 2946, C fiber structure--the morphological structure of a fiber at the visual or microscopic level. (see also fine structure) D 1695, D
fiber tear, n--in an FRP adhesively bonded joint, failure occurring
exclusively within the fiber reinforced plastic matrix, charisterized by the appearance of reinforcing fibers on both ruptured surfaces.
(Also called fiber tear failure.) D 907, D 14
fiber-tear failure, n--in an FRP adhesively bonded joint--see fiber
tear. D 907, D fiber texture--a texture characterized by having only one preferred crystallographic direction. E 7, E fiber volume fraction--see fiber content. D 3878, D Fiberweigh, n - - a n instrument having a capacity for weighing a 51-grain (3.30-g) specimen with a sensitivity of at least 0.2 % of the mass being weighed. D 123, D Fiberweigh, n - - a n instrument having a capacity for weighing a
51-grain (3.30-g) specimen with a sensitivity of at least 0.2 % of the mass being weighed. D 7139, D fiber, wood--a comparatively long (1/25 in. or less to 1/3 in.), narrow, tapering wood cell closed at both ends. D 9, D fibric peat--peat in which the original plant fibers are slightly decomposed (greater than 67 % fibers). D 653, D fibril--a fiberlike bundle of molecules, oriented in one direction either with the fiber axis or spirally around it. It makes up the fibrous structural unit of the single fiber. The cellulose fibrils are crystalline as shown by X-ray diffraction. D 1695, D
fibril, n--for asbestos, a fiber composed of a single crystal.
D 2946, C
fibrogram, n--intesting cotton fibers for length, the curve represent-
ing the second cumulation of the length distribution of the fibers sensed by the length measuring instrument in scanning the fiber board. D 123, D
fibrogram, n--in testing cotton fibers for length, the curve represent-
ing the second cumulation of the length distribution of the fibers sensed by the length measuring instrument in scanning the fiber board. D 7139, D Fibronaire, n - - a n instrument which determines the micronaire read- ing of raw cotton fibers using the "porous-plug" air flow technique. D 123, D Fibronaire, n - - a n instrument which determines the micronaire read- ing of raw cotton fibers using the "porous-plug" air flow technique. D 7139, D
fibrous, adj--pertalning to, consisting of, or containing fibers.
C 1154, C
fibrous, adj--forasbestos, pertaining to fine acicular (needle-like),
flexible crystalline morphology associated with the subdivision of macro-assemblages of an asbestiform mineral. D 2946, C fibrous-felted boards----a felted wood-base panel material manufac- tured of refined or partly refined lignocellulosic fibers character- ized by an integral bond produced by an interfelting of fibers and in the case of certain densities and control of conditions of manufacture by ligneous bond, and to which other materials may have been added during manufacture to improve certain properties. D 1554, D fibrous glass, n - - A synthetic vitreous fiber insulation made by melting predominantly silica sand and other inorganic materials, and then physically forming the melt into fibers. C 168, C
fibrous particulate, n--for asbestos, fiber, fiber fragment, or fiber
agglomerate. D 2946, C 17
fibrous peat--see fibric peat. D 653, D
Fick's laws of diffusion, n--mathematical descriptions of the move- ment of one type of molecule through another. F 1494, F rid, n - - a wooden or hard plastic tool used as an aid in rope splicing. D 123, D fiduciary--individualor institution responsible for holding or admin- istering property owned by another. An executor, guardian, trustee, and administrator are examples of a fiduciary. E 2135, E fiduciary accounting--proper accounting for property that is en- trusted to the fiduciary acting under the conditions set forth in a deed. E 2135, E field--the portion of the object in view. E 7, E field, n--that portion of the surface of a specimen that is illuminated by the illuminator or viewed by the receiver. E 284, E field--any group of characters defined as a unit of information. F 149, F field adapfinn--the forced recovery of excited electrons (as in dark adaption) by means of an externally applied electrical field such as a charging corona. F 335, F field angle---the included angle between those points on opposite sides of a light beam at which the luminous intensity is 10 % of the maximum value. E 1316, E field, bipolar--longitudinalmagnetic field within a part that has two poles. E 1316, E
field, residual magnetic
field blank--blank sample prepared at the field sampling location. E 631, E field b l a u k - - a wipe that is exposed to the same handling as field samples except that no sample is collected (no surface is actually wiped). Analysis results from field blanks provide information on the analyte background level in the wipe combined with the potential contamination experienced by samples collected within the batch resulting from handling. E 631, E field b l a n k - - a sample that is handled in exactly the same way that field samples are handled, except that no air is drawn through it. E 631, E field blank--blank sample prepared at the field sampling location. E 1605, E field-box nail--coated, barbed, regular-stock-steel, 2 by 0.099 to 21A by 0.106-in. nails with 1/4-in. oval head and medium diamond point. F 547, F
field check-(l) a survey of existing conditions at a construction site
(also called field observation). (2) verification of an existing
structure and its dimensions compared with those shown on
drawings (also called field measure). E 631, E
field, circular magnetic--generally, the magnetic field surrounding any electrical conductor or part resulting from a current being passed through the part or conductor from one end to another. E 1316, E field delimiter--See field separator. F 149, F
field joint--See joints. E 631, E
field joint--a connection between adjoining members or parts, made
at the time of installation. Compare construction joint. E 631, E
field latex, n--See latex, field. D 1566, D l l
field leus~the lens nearest the field diaphragm in an eyepiece. E 7, E field, longitudinal magnetic--magnetic field wherein the flux lines traverse the component in a direction essentially parallel with its longitudinal axis. E 1316, E field, magnetic--the space, within and surrounding a magnetized part or a conductor carrying current, in which the magnetic force is exerted. E 1316, E field, magnetic leakage---the magnetic field that leaves or enters the surface of a part at a discontinuity or change in section configu- ration of a magnetic circuit. E 1316, E field mark--See field separator. F 149, F
field measure--See field check. E 631, E
field measurement, in image analysis---the aggregate measurement of the detected features in a field of view. E 7, E field mix, n - - a material that is mixed in the field with other components or water, or both. E 2110, E
field moisture equivalent--see moisture equivalent. D 653, D
field of testing--broad sphere of science, engineering, or technology used to describe a general area of testing for classification purposes only. (For accreditation purposes, fields of testing are subdivided into specific tests, groups of tests, or product areas.) E 1187, E field of view, n--area of a subject's surface that exchanges thermal radiation with the sensor. E 344, E field of view, n--the lineal dimension defining the length of a bar code that can be read in one scan, particularly significant in moving beam and array technologies. F 1294, F field of view (FOV)--the shape and angular dimensions of the cone or the pyramid which define the object space imaged by the system; for example, rectangular, 4 ° wide by 3° high. E 1316, E field operation laboratory--a laboratory that uses portable technol- ogy to provide analytical services in the field near the sampling site. E 1605, E
field requirements, n--in construction design planning and estimat-
ing, the nonpermanent portion of construction cost that is essential
to permit implementation of the construction work in the field. E 833, E field, residual magnetic--the field that remains in a piece of
