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assigned test value (ATV), n
the several laboratories which are considered acceptable based on the reproducibility of the test method. D 4175, D assisted hand signature, n - - a signature executed by a writer while the writer's hand, arm, or writing instrument is steadied or stabilized by another. E 2195, E associated gas--natural gas, also known as gas-cap gas or dome gas, that overlies and is in immediate contact, but not in solution, with crude oil in a reservoir. D 4150, D associate instructor--an individual who possesses the qualifications and education/training of a course instructor/coordinator, but, in a specific course, assumes a supportive or assisting role to the course instructor/coordinator. This individual may substitute for the course instructor/coordinator in case of necessity or, in other courses, serves as a course instructor/coordinator. F 1177, F associative evidence, n--that evidence which tends to link a person, place, or thing with another person, place, or thing. E 1732, E associative thickener, n--water-soluble polymers containing hydro- phobic groups that are capable of nonspecific hydrophobic asso- ciation similar to surfactants that elevate viscosity presumably by association between thickener particles or thickener and dispersed particles that may be present in the aqueous system such as latex particles rather than through high molecular weight or chain stiffness of the thickener molecules themselves. D 16, D assurance of conformity--procedure resulting in a statement giving confidence that a product, process or service fulfills specified requirements, (ISO Guide 2). E 1187, E A-stage, n - - a n early stage in the preparation of certain thermosetting resins in which the material is still soluble in certain liquids, and may be liquid or capable of becoming liquid upon heating. D 883, D A-stage, n - - a n early stage in the preparation of certain thermosetting resins, in which the material is still soluble in certain liquids, and fusible. D 907, D A-stage--an early stage in the reaction of certain thermosetting resins in which the material is fusible and still soluble in certain liquids. (Syn. resol.) (Compare with B-stage and C-stage.) E 631, E A-stage--an early stage in the reaction of certain thermosetting resins in which the material is fusible and still soluble in certain liquids. (Syn. resol.) (Compare with B-stage and C-stage.) E 1749, E asterism--a lengthening of diffraction spots usually in the radial direction. E 7, E astigmatism--a defect in a lens or optical system which causes rays in one plane parallel to the optical axis to focus at a distance different from those in the plane at fight angles to it. E 7, E ASTM cement types--Portland cements meeting the requirements of Specifications C 150. Cement types have slightly different formu- lations that result in various characteristics which address different construction conditions and different physical and chemical envi- ronments. They are as follows: Type I (Portland)--a general-purpose construction cement with no special properties. Type II (Portland)--a construction cement that is moderately resistant to sulfates and generates a lower head of hydration at a slower rate than Type I Type III (Portland: high early strength)--a construction cement that produces a high early strength. This cement reduces the curing time required when used in cold environments, and produces a higher head of hydration than Type I. Type IV (Portland)--a construction cement that produces a low head of hydration (lower than Types I and II) and develops strength at a slower rate. Type V (Portland)--a construction cement that is a high sulfate resistant formulation. Used when there is severe sulfate action from soils and ground water. D 653, D ASTM color, n--the name of an empirical scale of expressing of the color of a petroleum liquid darker than Saybolt color based on a scale of 0.5 (lightest) to 8.0 Dil (darkest) and determined by Test Method D 1500. D 4175, D
ASTM grain size number--See grain size. E 7, E ASTM supercharge octane number of a fuel below 100, n--the whole number nearest the percentage by volume of isooctane (equals 100) in a blend with n-heptane (equals 0) that matches the knock characteristics of the fuel when compared by this test method. D 4175, D ASTM supercharge rating of a fuel above 100, n--the amount of tetraethyllead (TEL) in isooctane, expressed in millilitres per U.S. gallon. D 4175, D astringency, n--the complex of sensations due to shrinking, drawing, or puckering of the epithelium as a result of exposure to substances such as alums or tannins. E 253, El as-welded condition--a condition created as a result of forming annealed sheet or plate into tubular form and welding without subsequent heat treatment or cold work. B 846, B asymmetrical--this refers to a snowboard shape that does not have a longitudinal line of symmetry. Heel-side and toe-side sidecuts shaped and offset differently from each other; they are not mirror images of each other. This typically requires that a different snowboard be utilized for regular-foot (left foot forward) and goofy-foot (right foot forward) snowboard binding mounting positions. F 1107, F asymmetrical arc current, n--the total arc current produced during closure; it includes a direct component and a symmetrical compo- nent, A. F 819, F asymmetrical offset, 0 s, Oh--the distance along the longitudinal axis that each side of an asymmetrical shape is offset from the other side. Offset may be different at the shoulder and heel. F 1107, F asymmetric membrane---membrane which has a change in pore structure. See anisotropic membranes. D 6161, D asymmetry potential--the potential across a glass pH electrode membrane when the inside and outside of the membrane are in contact with solutions of identical pH. This term has also been used to define the observed potential differences between identical electrode pairs placed in identical solutions. D 4127, D asynchronous, adj--a data transmission in which the time between transmitted characters can vary, it is controlled by start and stop codes at the beginning and end of data sets. (See synchronous.) F 1457, F ATD--see anti-telescopingdevice. D 6161, D athermal--not isothermal, with changing rather than constant tem- perature conditions. E 7, E at-line analysis--analytical procedure performed in a process envi- ronment using manually entered samples. D 4790, D at-line instrument--instrument requiring operator interaction to sample gas directly from the pipeline. D 4150, D at-line measurements, n--measurement where the sample is re- moved, isolated from, and analyzed in close proximity to the process stream. E 2363, E atmosphere, n--the gaseous envelope which surrounds the earth and includes ambient air, indoor air, and workplace air. See also air at normal conditions. synthetic atmosphere, n--a specific gaseous mass containing any number of constituents and in any proportion produced for a special purpose. D 1356, D atmosphere for testing, n--air at ambient conditions of relative humidity and temperature in which tests or experiments are conducted. (See also standard atmosphere for testing.) D 123, D atmosphere for testing, n--air at ambient conditions of relative humidity and temperature in which tests or experiments are conducted. (See also standard atmosphere for testing.) D4920, D 13 atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, n--air maintained at a relative humidity between 50 to 70 % and a temperature of 21 + 2°C (70 °
- 4°F). D 4439, D atmosphere for testing textiles, n--for glass, air maintained at a relative humidity of at least 48 % and no greater than 67 % and at
a temperature of at least 20°C (68°F) and no greater than 25°C (77°F). D 123, D atmosphere for testing textiles, n--for glass, air maintained at a relative humidity of at least 48 % and no greater than 67 %, and at a temperature of at least 20°C (68°F) and no greater than 25°C (77°F). D 7018, D atmosphere, standard--air maintained at a specified temperature, relative humidity, and standard atmospheric pressure. E 41, G atmosphere (standard)--the pressure exerted by a mercury column 760 mm in height at 0°C under standard acceleration of gravity; equivalent to 101 325 Pa. E 1316, E atmospheric pressure---the pressure due to the weight of the atmo- sphere. It is the pressure indicated by a barometer that registers actual atmospheric pressure which is not corrected to sea level equivalence. Standard atmospheric pressure is a pressure of 76 cm Hg (101325 Pa) having a density of 13.5951 g/cm3, under standard gravity of 980.665 cm/s2. E 41, G atmospheric pressure---the pressure of the atmosphere at a specified place and time. E 1316, E atomic absorption--the absorption of radiant energy by ground state atoms. Substances when dispersed as an atomic vapor will absorb characteristic radiations identical to those which the same sub- stances can emit. This property is the basis for analysis by atomic absorption spectroscopy. D 2864, D atomic absorption--absorption of radiant energy by groundstate atoms. E 631, E atomic absorption--absorption of radiant energy by ground-state atoms. E 1605, E atomic emission spectrometry (AES), n--pertaining to emission spectrometry in the ultraviolet, visible, or infrared wavelength regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. E 135, E
atomic mass unit (amu) the unit of measure of the mass of a particle (atom, molecule, ion, and so forth), defined as 1/12 of the mass of carbon-12. The numerical value of the mass of a particle in terms of amu is identical with the older atomic weight. E 1316, E atomic replicamSee replica. E 7, E atomic scattering factor--the ratio of the amplitude of the wave scattered by an atom to that scattered by a single electron. Symbol =f. E 7, E atomic weight--the relative mass of an atom based on a scale in which a specific carbon atom (carbon 12) is assigned a mass value of 12. D 6161, D atomization, n--the dispersion of a molten metal into particles by a rapidly moving gas or liquid stream or by mechanical means. B 243, B atomization, n--the separation process of liquid into small particles. D 6655, D atomization, n--the process of atomizing. E 1620, E atomize, v--to transform bulk liquid or slurry into particles. E 1620, E atomized metal powder, n--metal powder produced by the disper- sion of a molten metal by a rapidly moving gas, or liquid stream, or by mechanical dispersion. B 243, B atomizer, n - - a device for atomizing. E 1620, E atom line, n - - a spectral line resulting from radiation emitted during electron transition as an excited atom returns to a lower energy level. E 135, E ATP--adenosine triphosphate. D 6161, D atraumatic--teeth that would interdigitate except for being spaced apart a predesigned distance so they will not stress, crush, or otherwise traumatize the tissue being grasped. F 1638, F attached cushion, n--for pile yarn floor covering, a material, bonded to the backing fabric side of a pile yarn floor covering to provide additional dimensional stability, thickness, and padding. D 123, D attached cushion, n--for pile yarn floor covering, a material, bonded
attic, n
to the backing fabric side of a pile yarn four covering to provide additional dimensional stability, thickness, and padding. D 5684, D attached dwelling, n--two or more dwelling units, each with an independent means of entry and means of egress, that are con- nected to each other at a common wall, but not by a common floor/ceiling. E 2151, E attached upholstery fabric, n--the exterior fabric covering secured to a furniture unit by the furniture manufacturer or custom upholsterer. (See furniture coverings) D 123, D attached upholstery fabric, n--the exterior fabric covering secured to a furniture unit by the furniture manufacturer or custom upholsterer. (See furniture coverings.) D 7023, D attachment--structural element (fixture) external to the surface of the base material, and which transmits loads to the anchor. E 2265, E attachment area, n--portion of the needle where the attachment of the suture takes place. For example, eyed, drilled, and channel. F 1840, F attachment hub--a device featuring an industry-standard square drive, that supports and powers ancillary devices such as a vegetable slicer or chopping attachment. F 1827, F attachment points, n--points where alternate pairs of coil loops are joined around the circumference creating the concertina effect. F 1379, F attapulgite clay--a chain-lattice clay mineral. The term also applies to a group of clay materials that are lightweight, tough, matted, and fibrous. D 653, D 18 attenuated total reflection (ATR)--reflection that occurs when an absorbing coupling mechanism acts in the process of total internal reflection to make the reflectance less than unity. E 131, El attenuation--reduction of amplitude with time or distance. D 653, D attenuation, n---~e decrease in AE amplitude per unit distance, normally expressed in dB per unit length. E 1316, E attenuation--a factor that describes the decrease in ultrasound intensity with distance. Normally expressed in decibel per unit length. NOTE--The attenuation parameter is sometimes expressed in nepers (Np) per unit length. The value in decibels (dB) is 8.68 times the value in nepers. If the loss over a path is 1 Np, then the amplitude has fallen to 1/e of its initial value (e = 2.7183...). (E 664) E 1316, E attenuation coefficient--for a parallel beam of specified particles or radiation, the quantity la in the expression laAx for the fraction removed in passing through a thin layer Ax of a substance in the limit as A x approaches zero, where Ax is measured in the direction of the beam. E 673, E attenuation coefficient--related to the rate of change in the intensity of a beam of radiation as it passes through matter. (See linear and mass attenuation coefficient.) E 1316, E attenuation cross section--the probability, expressed in barns, that a neutron will be totally absorbed by the atomic nucleus. E 1316, E attenuation index, K--a measure of the absorption of radiant energy by an absorbing material. K is related to the absorption coefficient by: nK = aCo/4~rv, where c o = the speed of light in vacuo, v = the frequency of radiant energy, and n = the refractive index of the absorbing medium. E 131, El attenuation period, n--in cavitation and liquid impingement erosion, a less-preferred term for decderation period. G 40, G attenuator--a device for altering the amplitude of an ultrasonic indication in known increments, usually decibels. E 1316, E attic, n - - a n accessible enclosed space in a building immediately below the roof and wholly or partly within the roof framing. E 176, E attic--See building space. E 631, E attic, n--an accessible enclosed space immediately below the roof and wholly or partly within the roof framing. E 631, E
martensite to austenite transformation is completed on heating in a single-stage transformation or the temperature at which the R-phase to austenite transformation is completed on heating in a two-stage transformation. F 2005, F
austenite grain size---the grain size which exists or existed in
austenite at a given temperature. See Test Methods E 112. E 7, E
austenite peak temperature (Ap), n--the temperature of the endot-
hermic peak position on the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) curve upon heating for the martensite to austenite transfor- mation in a single-stage transformation or the temperature of the endothermic peak position on the DSC curve upon heating for the R-phase to austenite transformation in a two-stage transformation.
F 2005, F
austenite start temperature (As), n--the temperature at which the
martensite to austenite transformation begins on heating in a single-stage transformation or the temperature at which the R-phase to austenite transformation begins on heating in a two- stage transformation. F 2005, F austenitic stainless alloys--steel alloys that contain a minimum of 15 % chromium and from a residual to 20 % nickel. Some alloys may contain as much as 18 % manganese. The metal is predominantly face centered cubic in structure and hardenable only by cold working. Essentially nonmagnetic in its wire form, it may become slightly magnetic from cold working. Austenitic stainless steels can be grouped into three categories: 300 series alloy, Cr-Ni-Mn alloys, and Cr-Ni-Mo-Ti. F 1789, F
austenitize, vt--to convert the matrix of a ferrous alloy to austenite by
heating above the transformation temperature. A 644, A austenitizing, n--forming austenite by heating a steel object above the transformation range. A 941, A
authority the person (organization) authorizing the testing.
C 717, C
authority--body that has legal powers and rights, (EN 45020). E 1187, E authority having jurisdiction, n--the organization, office, or indi- vidual responsible for approving any equipment, installation, or procedure. F 1494, F autocatalytic plating---deposition of a metal coating by a controlled chemical reduction, catalyzed by the metal or alloy being depos- ited. B 374, B
autodave--a closed vessel for producing an environment of fluid
pressure, with or without heat, to an enclosed object undergoing a chemical reaction or other operation. E 631, E
autodave--a closed vessel for producing an environment of fluid
pressure, with or without heat, to an enclosed object undergoing a chemical reaction or other operation. E 1749, E
autodave cure---means for accelerating the cure reaction at elevated
temperature and pressure in saturated steam, where reactive siliceous material has been incorporated into the cementitious matrix, such that a hydrothermal reaction takes place between the cement and silica yielding calcium silicate. D 2946, C
autoclaved products, n--those that have been treated in a saturated
steam atmosphere at between 620 and 1517 kPa (90 and 220 psi,) for at least 6 h, and that contain portland cement as defined in Specifications C 150 and C 618 together with silica in the ratio of 3"2 that can react to form calcium silicate reaction products. C 1154, C
autoclaved products, n--for asbestos-cement, those that have been
treated in a saturated steam atmosphere at between 689 and 1517 MPa (100 and 200 psi) for at least 8 h, and that contain portland cement as defined in Specifications C 150 and C 618, together with silica in the ratio of 3:2, that can react to form calcium silicate reaction products. D 2946, C
autoclave molding--a process where the lay-up or other assembly is
covered by a vacuum bag and placed in an autoclave capable of providing heat and pressure for curing the part. E 631, E
autoclave molding--a process where the lay-up or other assembly is
covered by a vacuum bag and placed in an autoclave capable of providing heat and pressure for curing the part. E 1749, E
automatic plating: (1) full
autoclave (rubber), n - - a pressure vessel used for vulcanizing rubber
products by means of steam under pressure. D 1566, D l l
autodeposition, n - - a single-step immersion metal finishing process
in which an organic coating is applied by means of unique surface chemical reactions carried out in an aqueous latex dispersion, also referred to as chemiphoresis. Components within the bath give rise to chemical reactions that slightly solubilize the metallic surface and lead to destabilization, deposition, and coalescence of the dispersed latex particles at that surface. D 16, D
autodiscrimination, n--the ability of a symbol reader to automati-
cally recognize and decode multiple symbologies. F 1294, F
auto-fill--a water height sensor devise that activates a fresh water fill
solenoid if the water level in the cooking vessel drops below predetermined height. F 1827, F autograft, n - - a graft of tissue derived from another site in or on the body of the organism receiving it. F 2312, F
autographic dilatometer--a dilatometer that automatically records
instantaneous and continuous changes in dimensions and some other controlled variable such as temperature or time. E 7, E
autographic pyrometer--See pyrometer. E 7, E
autohesion, n--adhesion developed by interdiffusion of the mol-
ecules of two surfaces of the same material and consequent obliteration of the interface between them. (Sometimes called " autoadhesion.") (Compare blocking.) D 907, D
autoignition, n--the ignition of a material caused by the application
of pressure, heat, or radiation, rather than by an external ignition source, such as a spark, flame, or incandescent surface. D 4175, D autoignition, n--the ignition of a material commonly in air as the result of heat liberation due to an exothermic oxidation reaction in the absence of an external ignition source such as a spark or flame. E 1445, E autoignition temperature, n the minimum temperature at which autoignition occurs. D 4175, D
autoignition temperature, n--the minimum temperature at which
autoignition occurs under the specified conditions of test. E 1445, E autoignition temperature (AIT), n--the lowest temperature at which a material will spontaneously ignite in an oxygen-enriched atmo- sphere under specific test conditions. G 126, G
autologons, adj--cells, tissues, and organs in which the donor and
recipient is the same individual. Synonyms: autogenous, autograft,
or autotransfusion, a self-to-self graft. F 2312, F
automatic density control, n the process whereby the toner layer
deposited on the substrate is controlled by the printer. (See ADC.) F 1457, F
automatic image analysis--the separation and quantitative evalua-
tion of an image into its elements with or without operator interaction. It includes the enhancement, detection, and quantifi- cation of the features contained in an image through the use of optical, geometrical, and stereological parameters and a computer program. Image analysis data output can provide individual measurements on each separate feature (feature specific) or totals for all features of a par~ticular type in the field (field specific). E 7, E
automatic image analyzer--a device which can be programmed to
detect and measure features of interest in an image. It may include accessories such as automatic focus and an automatic traversing stage to permit unattended operation. E 7, E
automatic lock slider, n--in zippers, a slider that provides involun-
tary, positive locking action on the chain when the pull is released. D 123, D
automatic lock slider, n - - a slider that provides involuntary, positive
locking action on the chain when the pull is released. D 2050, D
automatic machine (or conveyor)--a machine for mechanically
processing parts through treatment cycles, such as cleaning, anodizing, or plating. B 374, B
automatic plating: (1)full--plating in which the cathodes are
automatic plating: (1) full
automatically conveyed through successive cleaning and plating tanks. (2) semi--plating in which the cathodes are conveyed automatically through only one plating tank. B 374, B automatic trip---machine-activated tool mechanism providing con- tinuous cycling while trip is in contact with the work. F 592, F automobile leather--see upholstery leather. D 1517, D automotive, adj---descriptive of equipment associated with self- propelled machinery, usually vehicles driven by internal combus- tion engines. D 4175, D automotive wheel hearing grease, n - - a lubricating grease specifi- cally formulated to lubricate automotive wheel bearings at rela- tively high grease temperatures and bearing speeds. D 4175, D auto nail--nail of 1/4 to 51/4-in. length, sheared off bright, smooth, knurled, or helically fluted, regular-stock-steel o r stiff-stock, 0.032-in. (21-gage) to 0.162-in. (8-gage) wire and driven subse- quently by the same machine at a rapid rate. This nail has a sheared-bevel or sheared-square point. F 547, F autopsy--the dissection of a membrane module or element to investigate causes of unsatisfactory performance. D 6161, D autoradiograpb--the image of an object containing a radioelement obtained, on a recording medium, by means of its own radiation. E 1316, E auxiliary anode---a supplementary anode employed during elec- trodeposition to achieve a desired thickness distribution of the deposit. B 374, B auxiliary cathode--See thief. B 374, B auxiliary electrode--See counter electrode. G 15, G auxiliary energy subsystem in solar energy applications, equip- ment using nonsolar energy sources to supplement or backup the output provided by a solar energy system. E 772, E auxiliary solvent--liquid material used in addition to the primary solvent. It is generally used to replace part of the primary solvent to produce a specific effect, or, as a matter of economics. D 3064, D auxiliary variable, n--the secondary characteristic or measurement of interest. D 5681, D availability--the on-stream time or rated operating capacity of a water treatment system. D 6161, D available chlorine in cleaning compounds---the oxidizing power of chlorine present as hypochlorite or other oxidizing chlorine moi- eties in solution, expressed as chlorine of equivalent weight 35.45, and as determined by thiosulfate titration. D 459, D available lime index--those constituents of a lime which enter into a desired reaction under the conditions of a specific method or process. C 51, C available program, n - - a qualifying term which can be used in the definition of recyclable, reusable, refillable, returnable, com- postable, establishing limits; for example, by population and access within geographic area. D 996, D a-value--membrane water permeability coefficient. The coefficient is defined as the amount of water produced per unit area of membrane per unit of net driving pressure (NDP); units of measurement are ma/hr/m2/kPa. D 6161, D
aventurine--glass containing colored, opaque spangles of nonglassy material. C 162, C average, n--for aseries of observations, the total divided by the number of observations. D 123, D
average background reflectance--expressed as a percent, is the simple arithmetic average of the background reflection readings from at least five different points on a sheet. F 149, F average breaking stress (ABS)--the average maximum principal tensile stress (MPTS) at failure, representative of the glass under test. The ABS is dependent on a number of factors including geometry, time history of load, surface condition, etc. Glasses with residual surface stresses, such as heat-strengthened or fully tem- pered, must have their residual stresses added to the state of stress at the specified load. As defined for use in the standard, the ABS is for annealed glass. E 631, E
average coating thickness--determined as either the value obtained by analytical methods or the mean value of a specified number of local thickness measurements that are evenly distributed over the significant surface. F 1789, F average coefficient of cubical expansion--average change in unit volume of a substance per unit change in temperature over a specified range of temperature. E 7, E average coefficient of linear expansion--average change in unit length of a body per unit change in temperature over a specified range of temperature. E 7, E average coefficient of thermal expansion--general term. (See also average coefficient of cubicalexpansion and average coefficient of linear expansion.) E 7, E average diameter, n--the average of the maximum and minimum outside the diameters, as determined at any one section of the pipe or tube. B 899, B average diameter (for round tubes only)--the average of the maximum and minimum outside diameters or the maximum and minimum inside diameters, whichever is applicable, as determined at any one cross section of the tube. B 846, B average discharge (corona) current (It) , n--the sum of the absolute magnitudes of the individual discharges during a certain time interval divided by that time interval. D 1711, D average dynamic air permeability (ADAP), n--for inflatable re- straints, the average of all of DAP measurements within a specified range of pressure differentials. D 6799, D average edge---an imaginary line bisecting the irregularities of the character edge. F 149, F average emission function decay length--the negative reciprocal slope of the logarithm of a specified exponential approximation to the emission depth distribution function over a specified range of depths, as determined by a straighfline fit to the emission depth distribution function plotted on a logarithmic scale versus depth on a linear scale. E 673, E average erosion rate, n - - a less preferred term for cumulative erosion rate. G 40, G average fiber diameter, n--in wool and other animal fibers, the average width of a group of fibers when measured on a projected image. D 123, D 13 average fiber diameter, n--in wool and other animal fibers, the average width of a group of fibers when measured on a projected image. D 4845, D average grade--See grade. E 631, E average grade--the arithmetic mean of the elevations of various ground surfaces within a stated area of building construction. E 631, E average grain diameter--See grain size. E 7, E average injection velocity, n--the mean value of the velocity of the molten plastic flow front within a cavity during the injection time that is calculated from the shot volume and injection time. D 883, D average interstitial velocity--see velocity, average interstitial. D 653, D average outgoing quality (AOQ)--the average percent defective of outgoing product including all accepted lots or batches, after any defective units found in them are replaced by acceptable units, plus all lots or batches which are not accepted after such lots or batches have been effectively 100 % inspected and all defective units replaced by acceptable units. E 456, E l l average outgoing quality limit (AOQL)--the maximum of the AOQs for all possible incoming percentages defective for the process, for a given acceptance sampling plan. E 456, E l l average particle size--a single value representing the entire particle- size distribution. C 242, C average quality protection--a type of protection in which there is prescribed some chosen value of average percent defective in the product after inspection (average outgoing quality limit (AOQL), that shall not be exceeded in the long run no matter what may be
