Download Developmental Psychology Exam 4 | PSYC - Development Psychology and more Quizzes Developmental Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!
drawbacks of low-income families on
children
prohibitions, restrictive, less supervision, start working earlier, helpless, poorer services and health, fewer choices in housing occupations and education, more extensive support network TERM 2
are there more single adults now than in
DEFINITION 2 yes (95% wish to marry however) TERM 3
why are there more single adults now than in
DEFINITION 3 postpone marriage TERM 4
number of children now vs 1950
DEFINITION 4 1.8 vs 3 TERM 5
percentage of women working now vs
DEFINITION 5 80% vs 12%
divorce rates now vs 1950
54% vs 10% TERM 7
single parent families now vs
DEFINITION 7 28% vs 9% TERM 8
percentage of poor children
DEFINITION 8 54% (with single mom) vs 10% (two parent families) TERM 9
mom and dad roles in infant care
DEFINITION 9 mom is 3X more time caregiving, dad is playmate TERM 10
how to be a good parent
DEFINITION 10 positive elements (more accepting),supportive,sensitive to child's needs (no matter how silly they seem, like they have a dream that a bear is after them and think bear is in closet),provide praise and affection
controlled children
quiet,non-resistent,unaggressive,conforming,low disobedience,low playfulness TERM 17
authoritative children
DEFINITION 17 active,competitive,creative,outgoing,leadership,more disobedient, less conforming (not extreme though) TERM 18
neglected children
DEFINITION 18 worst outcome,tantrums by three,more antisocial behavior,resent authority,Latch-key children TERM 19
two factors for best development
DEFINITION 19 love and limits TERM 20
divorce rates in USA compared to Europe
DEFINITION 20 54% in USA, 4-12% in European countries
two parental traits that are most critical for
successful parenting
love and limits TERM 22
when is marriage most "blissful?"
DEFINITION 22 before children and after children leave home TERM 23
changes in child's view of divorce throughout
development
DEFINITION 23 young children blame themselves for the divorce, adolescents have more conduct disorders TERM 24
what lessens impact of divorce?
DEFINITION 24 when children is with same sex parent vs opposite sex parent TERM 25
sleeper effect
DEFINITION 25 difficulty maintaining relationships 15 years after a divorce, male children more lonely, females more promiscuous
what can improve development of children
after divorce?
post divorce non-conflictal relationship may help children adjust better TERM 32
what factors to consider whether to stay
together vs divorce?
DEFINITION 32 high levels of parental conflict, as staying together with high levels may be worse on children's development vs divorce with low levels of conflict TERM 33
worst type, length, and content of conflict
DEFINITION 33 openly expressed conflict, long lengths of exposure to conflict, and content being disagreements about child- rearing, inconsistent parenting style, undermines parent- child relationship TERM 34
single parents stress
DEFINITION 34 short-term consequences, and are comparable for both male and female single parents TERM 35
buffer effects of divorce
DEFINITION 35 Adequate financial support Healthy parenting by the custodial parentSocial/Emotional support by the noncustodial parentAdditional social supportGrandparents, friends, school personnel, peersDivorce mediation
Piaget's stages of moral development
heteronomous, then automous stages of morality TERM 37
heteronomous stage
DEFINITION 37 rules are fixed, right or wrong, immanent justice TERM 38
autonomous stage
DEFINITION 38 rules are flexible, includes intentions also, punishment related to misdeed TERM 39
moral realism
DEFINITION 39 moral judgments made on basis of consequences of act TERM 40
autonomous morality
DEFINITION 40 child leaves heteronomous morality by including intentions as well as consequences, and realizes that rules are flexible
changes in child's concept of justice
at first immanent justice and then intentions become important when determining punishment due to decrease in egocentrism and differentiation of objective vs subjective experience TERM 47
Kohlberg's theory of moral
dev
DEFINITION 47 pre conventional 3-7conventional 8-12post-conventional 12 and older TERM 48
preconventional
DEFINITION 48 punishment and obedience orientation 3-4, fear of punishmentinstrumental relativist 5-7, differentiates needs but obey rules anyway TERM 49
conventional
DEFINITION 49 good-girl nice-boy orientation 8-9, doesnt want to disappoint societylaw and order morality 10-12, obligation to obey TERM 50
post conventional
DEFINITION 50 legalistic orientation 12 and older, obeys what is contracted to douniversal ethical code, high regard for other's needs
procedures used to investigate child's moral
dev
Piaget used moral dilemma stories and asked about changing rules, such as rules of checkersKohlberg used moral dilemma stories and interviews TERM 52
types of transitions in moral dev as well as
cross-cultural similarities
DEFINITION 52 everyone goes through 1-3, most adults stay at Kohlberg's stage 4, 4-6 fluctuate across cultures TERM 53
implications on Kohlberg's theory
DEFINITION 53 not everyone progresses through every stage TERM 54
Kohlberg's criticisms of Piaget's theory
DEFINITION 54 doesn't include child-parent conflict,peer relations not most important relationship,too much lumped together TERM 55
criticisms of Kohlberg's theory
DEFINITION 55 not 100% correct as most people don't reach all of the stages,without education adults may stay in one stage
social norms, age norms, and diagnostic
criteria in defining psychological disorders
social norms vary from culture to culture on how to behave,age norms vary according to age expectations,diagnostic criteria is defined in DSM for whole range of psychological disorders TERM 62
5 factors in diagnosing psychological disorder
DEFINITION 62 Statistical deviance! Maladaptive behavior! Personal distress! Social norms! Age norms! Applying specific diagnostic criteria! TERM 63
importance of developmental perspective
DEFINITION 63 studies how psychological disorders start TERM 64
3 characteristics of infantile autism
DEFINITION 64 Repetitive, stereotyped behavior, Deviant language and communicative skills,Deviant social development TERM 65
outcomes of infantile autism
DEFINITION 65 -Long term outcome usually poor! Most are autistic for life! Positive outcomes most likely for those with normal IQ scores and who can communicate using speech before 6 years old! Main treatment approach is intensive behavioral training, ideally beginning early (use of reinforcement principles)!
infantile depression
Failure to thrive: More life-threatening problem in infants resulting from abuse, neglect, or separation from attachment figures! Infants fail to grow normally, lose weight, and become seriously underweight for age! Show symptoms of depression as well as delays in cog. and social development and bizarre behaviors! TERM 67
causes of infantile depression
DEFINITION 67 Some cases have organic causesMost cases represent nonorganic causesBabies gain weight & overcome depressive symptoms when removed from home TERM 68
ADD characteristics
DEFINITION 68 InattentionImpulsivityHyperactivity TERM 69
long term outcomes of ADD
DEFINITION 69 Some ADHD children mainly inattentive, while others mainly hyperactive and impulsiveMany ADHD children also have learning disabilities or conduct disorders50% outgrow it TERM 70
causes of ADHD
DEFINITION 70 dopamine levels in brain
general characteristics of drinking/drug users
66% of youth tried ETOH by 7th grade95% have tried ETOH by 12th grade 47% who drink by 13 develop alcohol abuse prob 25% who drink by 17 develop problem 10% who drink by 21Alienated from conventional values!Place little value on academic achievement!Not religious!Not attached to important social institutions! TERM 77
suicide thoughts
DEFINITION 77 teens attempt more,adults commit more TERM 78
physical changes b/w 60-
DEFINITION 78 overall health deterioration,senses decline,weaker,wrinkles and graying hair,continued sex life if have good health TERM 79
physical changes after 80
DEFINITION 79 health continues to deteriorate,less mobility TERM 80
cognitive changes b/w 60-
DEFINITION 80 more external memory aids,memory deteriorates,still capable of solving everyday problems,special problem solving more difficult,can be improved with training,
cognitive changes after 80
fluid abilities and crystallized knowledge continue to decline TERM 82
crystallized intelligence
DEFINITION 82 factual knowledge TERM 83
fluid intelligence
DEFINITION 83 how to solve problems TERM 84
emotional changes 60-
DEFINITION 84
- Improves in emotional regulation2. Describes emotional reactions in more complex & personalized ways3. Comes to terms with life4. May engage in reminiscence and life review5. Self concept strengthens, becoming more secure & complex6. Agreeableness & acceptance of change increases7. Faith & spirituality advance8. Size of social network & amount of social interaction declines TERM 85
emotional changes 60-80 cont'd
DEFINITION 85
- Marital satisfaction increases10. May be widowed, sense of loss, long term depression11. Selects social partners on basis of emotion, approaching pleasant and avoiding unpleasant relationships12. Sibling bonds may strengthen13. Number of friends declines through moves or death14. May become grandparent or great grandparent15. May retire16. Vote and more knowledgable about politics
how age, gender, and death anxiety are
related
women have more death anxiety than men, and younger women have more death anxiety than younger men TERM 92
Kubler-Ross stages of dying
DEFINITION 92 Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance TERM 93
two major contributions of Kubler-Ross's
work?
DEFINITION 93 called attention to dying persons,quality of life for dying persons and their families TERM 94
death with dignity
DEFINITION 94 treating the dying patient with humane care,esteem and respect,candid about certainty of death,information to make end-of-life choices TERM 95
three forms of euthanasia
DEFINITION 95 voluntary passive: withdraw treatments and machinesvoluntary active: medical staff end patient's life at patient's requestassisted suicide: medical staff provide means for patient to end life
two ways to let everyone know your
intentions on end-of-life
living will,durable power of attorney for health care TERM 97
three components of grieving process
DEFINITION 97 Avoidance: Emotional anesthesia Confrontation: Most intense grief Restoration- Dual-process model of coping with loss Alternate between dealing with emotions and with life changes TERM 98
how concept of death changes from infancy to
adolescence
DEFINITION 98 infants- attachment3-5 yr olds- Don't understand: nonfunctionality, irreversibility, universality, and personal mortality5-7 yr olds- irreversible and universal, and life functions stop10 yr olds-mature concept of death TERM 99
how to explain death to children
DEFINITION 99 honestly, Death can be explained to preschool children in simple physical and biological terms.Reassure them that they are loved and will not be abandoned.Be sensitive and sympathetic, and encourage them to express their own feelings and ideas. TERM 100
3 positive components of confronting one's
mortality
DEFINITION 100 can be creative and life-affirming:decide what is important in lifecome to terms with pastmake peace with people
