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The methods used for measuring sediment in reservoirs and the variation in sediment density. the accuracy of various methods, the importance of sediment density in predicting the weight of sediment volumes, and the factors affecting sediment density such as particle size and compaction. The document also includes data on sediment density and particle size for different types of sediments.
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mBaSmmWT m; U U Y 8 1 9 OF Smf MEfT %N ST
Report Bs. 9 BmSITP OF SmIM&:NT%D m S IN mSERVQ1N E. 8. L m e and Victor A. Roelzer
November 1943
r,he d e p o s ~~ e d sedlmecit because the q u a n t i t y o f sedlment c a r r i e d by a stream 1s usr*aJ.ly e q r e s s e d i s ; terms 0 % weight r a t h a i tharl volume A t h e t o u g h s L ~ ~ d yof t h i s s u b j e c t h a s never beer1 undertalprer~ arid consequently
ues All availabke d a t a have beera complied 111 this reporl The r e s u l t s
f'o rm 2 p p ~1cab I t to the rleeas sf orgarl a ~ a t i o n s o r individuals i n t e r e s t e d. resarvolr dt?srgi~
Table of' Con tents (^) -- 7
f u INTROBUCTIBM I Scope of the project,,,,. , G - , o. ,................................. .1l 2 Purpose of this investigation, , ,.. " , c.............. 12 3 Bcope of this report"... , : ;. 2. , a. , ,.. ,... ,. -........ ,.. 4 Authority and personnel,................................. 14 5 Aehowledgment s.... -... ,,... , , , , " , ~...... , -. ,....... , , 15 11 A r n V I E 1 OF r n L I S r n D L I T g u T m 6 Previously published l i t e r a t u r e , ,. q 1 I I E~mphreysm d A b b ~ t t a. ,.. ,. , , * , 1 7
9 C o l o r d o River Basin, , , - , 20 10 Texas reservoirs,,, c a. - -. o o , , a , o , , 2 1 k l Mi sssuri Bi ver , ,. , a > 216
1 4 Et~ropea~~investigatioa~s... a c - o n , 2.4 1aaves"cjgat ions of coarse sediments ~n Califsrnia-. , -. 2 8 I? Studies of i n i t i a l density by Trask,. ., -
111, MSULTS OF STUDY OF A V A I M U DATA 17 Factors influencing sediment density.9o.;. ,.. -. --.. , - ,. ,....... - = 333 I& Analysis of observed densities,,,,. ;. -. a a ~ , 2 ~ ~ ~ : - , ~ ~ , , 9 35 ~. ~ , , , 19 Values of density f o r use in design,. : : , , ,. : ,. , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , (^) *&g
1, --The measurement of the q u a n t i t y m d c h a r a c t e r of sediment t r m s p o r t e d by strerams i s rn important a c t i v i t y common t o r i v e r m i n t e n m c e a d development, stream dischasge m e a s u s e ~ e n t , e r o s i o n c o n t r o l , i r r i g a t i o n a d h y d r o - e l e c t r i c development Considerable work i n sediment measurement and m s L y s i s has been done, but t h e methods and a y p w a t u s used L : ~ Y C v a r i e d nideljr and the q u a l i t y of the r e s u l t s r m g e s from very g09d t o very p o o r , 1x1 an e f f o r t t o improve and t o standardize the methods and equipment a cooperative p r o j e c t h a s 'been undertaken by t h e f e d e r a l agencies having problems i n t h i s f i e l d , S i x r e p o r t s covering t h e r e s u l t s of these s t u d i e s , have been issued as f o l l o w s * Report No l--scField P r a c t i c e and Zquipment used i n Sm- ment and neth hods used^ ed%mentu, i n suspendedis^ a^ d e t a i l e d review of sediment sampling^ the from theequip- e a r l i e s t i n v e s t i g a t i o n t o t h e p r e s e n t with d i s c u s s i o n s of t h e advantages sllu disadvantages of t h e various methods and i n s t r u - ments. The requirements of a samples which would meet a l l f i e l d conditions sat i s f a c l o s i l y a r e s e t f o r t h --93quipment Used f o r S m l i n g Bed-Load anad Bed Material". d e a l s mith equipment f o r s m p l i n g bed-load and
covers suspended load, Suspended^ B e p o r f l o , Sediments',^ 3--- " M a l y t i c a l. covers an^ Studyi n v e s t i g a t i o n of the^ of^ Methods^ s f accuracy^ S w l i n g of v a r i o u s methods of s m p l i n g suspended sediment i n a v e r t i c a l s e c t i o n sf a s t r e a n , based on the l a t e s t developments i n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n sf t u r b u l e n c e t h e o r i e s t o sediment tsansport-,ation. *Professor of Hydraulic Engineering, S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y of Iowa and
J u n i o r Engineer, U o %.Geologic& Survey, r e s p e c t i v e l y ,
1" 2 "- - ---- ------ Section 2
---^ Report,.^ Ro^4 l'Me^ l2lods^ of^ Analy^ ~ l n gSediment^ Samplesf',^ de i , r i b e ~dnd c i ~ o c u c n e smaiy netbods developeci f o r determining the s i z e o f small p a r t i c l e s i n sediment a n a l y s e s D e t a i l e d i n
clet,err:iining t h e p a r t i c l e s i z e and the t o t a l coizcentration of sediment 1x3 sLtaLples a s developed by agencies doing e x t e n s i v e work i n t h e s e f i e l d s , tfLabora"cry I n v e s t i g a t i o n s of Suspended Sedi,- r n e n f l w l e r s " , d e s c r i b e s investiga"cons of t h e e f f e e t of vari--
pbes the f i l l i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s f slow f i l l i n g samplers utjder v a r i o u s conditions, Report Mo , I - "A Study o f ;tee Methods f a r S i z e Analysis of ~uspend-t Samplesfi g i v e s account of a study t o develop methods of s i z e a n a l y s i s more s u i t a b l e to t h e c o n d i t i o n s usu- a l l y rnet 1x1 suspended s e d i m e n t s t u d i e s , I t d e s c r i b e s a simple
i t s u s e , Two addi t ~ o n a lr e p o r t s now i n p r e p a r a t i o n v r i l l be issued s h o r t l y on Lhe f o l l o a z n g s u b j e c t s Report--- 110, 6 "The Design of Improved Types s f Suspended Bob.lm@n"Lmplers~~d e s c r i b e s t h e development of v a r i o u s t y p e s asl" Lrkune integrating smunplers s u i k b l e f o r t a k i n g v e r t i c a l l y i n Legrated sarn,uLes i n f l o a l n g streams and o t h e r s f o r Lakialg time--
developed are g i v e n ---Report No,^ 8-- '~Measuremene^ s f^ Ihe^ Sediment Discharge^ s f Strezmasft, d e s c r i b e s the most e f f i c i e n t methods and equipment t o bo used i n making sediment measurements under various con- d i t i o n s e n c o w t e red i n n a t u r a l s t r e m s The scope of the p r o j e c e h a s been broadened somewhat i n o r d e r t o eanb~aee Che s1Ct~dy of Bedi~exltderisi t y described i n t h i s r e p o r t , as t h e
aBnd t h e m a t e r i a l w a s a v a i l a b l e without f u r t h e r e f f o r t ,
2 , Purpose of t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n - I n aetesmlaling the economic f e a s i b i l i t y of a r e s e r v o i r p r o j e c t i r ~a sedimerlt b e a r i n g stream, one s f
1 !-I- "* ----------- (^) - Sect i o n 4
t - i ~ioat ~n d e t a i E ax" a l a r g e m o t m t o f h i t h e r t o unpub%ished d a t a (^) an sedi- aunt d e n s i t i e s md s i z e c o q o s i t i o n , vhich should be useful. i n m y f u r. -
A f t e r the o r i g i n a l d r a f t of t h i s study was completed, c o n s i d e r a b l e
d a t a and co1~1parethem w i t h the conclusions reached from the e x m i n a t i o n o f the e a r l i e r d a t a , In the time a v a i l a b l e i t mas p o s s i b l e o n l y t o pre- ,jarde t hess d a t a i n d e t a i l i n t a b u l a r f o r n , tvherre t h e y w i l l be a v a i l a b l e
A u t h o r i t y =d persomel--The F e d e r d (^) agencies p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n
u s ; y , the Bureau of B e c L m t i o r , , the O f f i c e s f Indian A f f a i r s , the Flood
l , f ~ e $ 0 ~ ~ 3 I n s t i t u t e of B y d r a d l ~ Research a s s i s t e d by the s t a f f of the l o ~ : , ; ~ @j ty Sub OZffee of "ce Corps of Engineers Among those engaged or^ ~ l l i eworBr were P o C - Benedict, C. be B o y l l , M - D. Dubrow, 6 B..Borne, 'b he Koelzer, P* M e gobhe V , J c Palmer, F. W , Barker, D E R h i n e b r t , ;uad W P , 8 , S t a n l e y o The p r e s e n t r e p o r t was f i r s t assembled as a p e r s o n a l
~iaeagencies involved and, s i n c e p u b l i c a t i o n w i t h t h e s e s t u d i e s v o d d preserve a great p a r t of t h e value of the r e p o r t b y e n a b l i n g "ee d e t a i l e d
Section-- 5 - - - ---- -----
a p a r t a f t h e major i n v e s t i g a t i o n ,
-^ s--Mu~kl.^ of^ the^ q u m t^ i t a t i v e^ d a t a^ on^ d e p o s i t e d^ sedi-
weighto m d p a r t i e b s s i z e malysss of numeroue s a a p l e s taken from d e p o s i t s along the Colorado River its trlbuCLaries;4 by T, D, C o l l i n s , C. 9. Ilsward, and S , M e Love, Considerable d a t a v e r e f u r n i s h e d a l s o by the
by nf. L. 6. Straub. An^ a r t i c l e^ by^ 0exls(2~),^ t r a n s l a t e d f o r^ t h i s^ study
w e r e c a % l e c l e d from t h e Iowa m d Cedar R i v e r s by t h e Iowa I n s t i t u t e o f Xtydraulic Wesearch, These vmro analyzed by 5 , C. Kennedy, of the U. 3 ,
nished by C o H, E i f f s r t , Chief Engineer, ,and C. 3. B e m e t t , E n g i ~ e e r , of that o r g a n i z a t i o n , A barge c o l l e c t i o n of ~mpu'blishedd a t a was a l s o f u r - nished by the S o i l Conservation Service o f the U. S. Departmerbt of Agri-
s e r v a t i o n Berviee, and " c h e U , 5. h r e a u o f R e e l m a t i o n , and from M s. A. D * Lewis, D i r e c t o r of I r r i g a t i o n , Union of South A f r i c a. Many v a l u a b l e sug- g e s t i o n s mere made by C a r l B , Brow.., % $ e d of the R e s e r v o i r S e c t i o n , Sedi-
6 , Previously published li terature--The f i r s t phase i n the study consisted of a thorough review of the previously published information
ing L i t e r a t u r e , and t o a i d fukure i n v e s t i g a t o r s a bibliography i s added
mating r a t e s of reservoir f i l l i n g. En the foSlowing paragraphs the im.- portant information from these a r t i c l e s i s summarized,
material deposited by the Mississippi River.
8, E l e p h a t Butte Reservoir--The Elephant Butte Reservoir,which w a s constructed between 1910 anti 1916 on the Rio Orande River in New ldexico , probably has r e c e i ved more study from the standpoint of sedimen- t a t i o n t h w m y other r e s e r v o i r , Because the sediment Load of t h i s
i h w a s recognized e a r l y t h a t e x t e n s i v e deposition would occur i n the r e s e r v o i r , and s t u d i e s of sedimentation mere therefore p a r t of the in-. v e s t i g a t i o n m d design of the p r o j e c t. The f i r s t study seems t o have been made by T?. II. F o l l e t t of the U. 3. Geological $urvey(5).- On the b a s i s of a single s q l e consisting o f a g - i n , cube taken under c a r e f u l l y
tepi;zi_ J L L the proposed Elephant Butte Reservoir would be 53 l b s , p e r cu. f ' c - a~d. that an average of 19,739a c r e f t , of sediment would be deposited & k ~ i. u c i 1 1 y lt, i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o note t h a t a Eater survey of the s i l t i n g of the ilicphnrit DutLe Reservoir indicated(') t h a t it was f i l l i n g at the r a t e of 20,000 acre f t. p e r y e a r , Concerning these r e s u l t s , Hemphill ('1 s a y s ,
25 per cent of t h a t suspended, Accepting t h i s r a t i o as a maximum, the L ~ J S U L L ~o f the survey gave aurait value of 65 l b s , of d r y silt p e r cu,
o r a d s ) ware accurate enough t o i n d i c a t e f a i r l y that suspended s i l t i n the kliblo Gcande rvibk form d e p o s i t s containing from 55 t o 65 bbs, p e r c u e f t.
w aCutXy o f the sediment deposited i n %he b a s i n was made by R. R ,
~ h , + ~s i z e s ranging f r o m 76 t o 88 per cent (average 8 1 p e r c e n t ) p a s s i n g Cne ;)03 mesh s f e v e md p ~ a c t i e a l l ya l l passing t h e LBO-mesh s i e v e , The water inflow i n t o the Elephant Butte Reservoir has been measured
esttmaates of the d e n s i t y of t h e sediment mere made by t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Boundary Comission from 1925 t o 1935 and by the Sedimentation Division
(^20) ---- "- - -- --- Section 9
L L I ) $ , 32 j acre fL, were deposited in the 1925 to 1935 period, the in-
man% d e n s i t y f r o m 70,2 Lo &4*5I b s , per cu, P t , h o t h e r part of the d4f-
i,i~,:C "tit? 0 CPero~rce in "che sedimen"c~rcsJ.tame in 1925 m d 1935 is "che space
i r l g Ghe 192"30 1935 period. The true volume of the 1925 to l935 sedi-
Cl~crc Pace Lees khan estlmted, Knowledge sf the rate sf compaction in
.$,L&$ River Basin Considerable data have been collected in
Bureau of RccLwnation used(7) a u n i t weight of 100 l b s. p e r ou. f t. i n
Table l i s a s (^) r y proposed by Stevens (16) of a number of samples
aBlmey,
DIHSITY OF Sm$UMS% DBPOSITS FROM VICINITY OF C O L Q W Q RImR
Calexieo , C a l i f o r n i a
and 9.
naaeraezs r e s e r v o i r s i n Texas ( b y ' ) i n 1929 by the U. S. Department of
''It should be kept i n mind tha, the average ultimate
on the function m d operation of the r e s e r v o i r , In a reser--
sari12 , m d the deposited ~ n a t e r i a l, subJected to shrinkage during long periods of time, (^) has , r a v e r w e ultimate weiglit s f d r y i n thernaterjal average r e s e r v o i r f o r storage of water^ per cubic foot^ of^ deposit approximating f o r f u t u r e u s e ,^90 I b s , ;
of the water surface and the exposure of the s i l t deposit f o r
m a t e r i a l per cubic f o o t of deposit qproximatjng 70 l b s , ; and
consLmt, e q o s u r e m d the r e s u l t i n g s h r i n k ~ edo not take p l a c e , cubic f o o tm d theo f depositaverage iLpproxInaatesultimate weight 38 (^) l b s ,of the dry m a t e r i a l per
weight^ "The r a t i o s^ wrieer, of^ s i l ta f t e r samples^ c a r e t u ~ l y and the measurements of^ considering^ the^ volume-exposed md sdmerged d e p o s i t s i n r e s e r v o i r s , has s e l e c t e d 70 I b s , as the a v e r w e ultimate weighs sf d r y material per cubic f o o t of d e p o s i t , f o r cora~rertiu~gu n i t s by weight i n t o u n i t s by volume,
v o l m e of vegetable m a h e r i u : %lac form of logs and brush which moves d o m the s t r e m a during r i s i n g stages. Since much of t h i e material is waterlogged m d t r a v e l s unobserved dovmstream
served i n d e f i n i t e l y if kept submerged wftb w a t e r o n Regarding the results of these s t u d i e s on Terns r e s e r v o i r s , Hemp-
averaged 82 l b s , S m p l e s Prom "ce surface o f d e p o s i t s near the middle of r e s e r v o i r s averaged 55 Zbs. of d r y m a t e r i a l t o each suUb%ilergsd cu, f t .deposits Smp1es i n ofo l d the f i n e s t materialr i v e s c h w e l s i n r e s e r v o i a * ~talcen from theaver- w e b g l l b s , of dry material t o 1 cu, f t o i s i n t e r e s t i u g t o note t h a t if the average s i l t y i e l d , i n tons per &;quare mile, from "ce a r e a a'b0ve t h i s r e s e r v o i r (C&e Worth) i s c o q s a b l e t o t h a t of the nearby
9 r! i a o s drainage, as shown by the records at Glenrose, the de- p o t ~i Q 'in I h e reservoPr eonlains l e s s than 60 l b s p e r cu, f t. s t
f i c s e i v o l r a f t e r I j years o f operation averaged 30 kbx p e r cu, f t , , but 5
had increased to 6 ~ I b s~ 6 p e r cu f t , IIe e s t i m a t e s t h a t .an average vaP-
L L & r i Dr, % , C , Straub w l e a thorough study sf the i i c ~ ~ $ i i t jo f sediment carried. by the Missouri River f o r t h e Missouri River 3 i v 2 sioa of the U, S o Engineer Departmeu~t A combination of' smples; gaL1iared i n the course of f i e l d operations were separated i n t o various
d j s i 1 , vs3r; t h e wait msights and other p e r t i n e n t d a t a from these studies;,
serilrnen t was d e f i n i t e l y suspended, The r e s u l t s a r e given i n the %oL%ow