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Density of Molten Elements and Representative Salts: A Comprehensive Table, Schemes and Mind Maps of Literature

A table listing the liquid density at the melting point for various elements and representative salts, along with the temperature dependence of their densities using the equation ρ(t) = ρm - k(t-tm). The data was compiled from primary literature and a reference on molten salts.

What you will learn

  • How can the density of a molten salt be estimated at temperatures above its melting point?
  • How does the density of a molten element change with temperature?
  • What is the liquid density at the melting point for a specific element or salt?

Typology: Schemes and Mind Maps

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DENSITY OF MOLTEN ELEMENTS AND REPRESENTATIVE SALTS
This table lists the liquid density at the melting point, ρm , for elements that are solid at room temperature, as well as for some representative salts
of these elements. Densities at higher temperatures (up to the tmax given in the last column) may be estimated from the equation
ρ(t) = ρm - k(t-tm)
where tm is the melting point and k is given in the fifth column of the table. If a value of tmax is not given, the equation should not be used to extrapolate
more than about 20°C beyond the melting point.
Data for the elements were selected from the primary literature; the assistance of Gernot Lang in compiling these data is gratefully acknowledged.
The molten salt data were derived from Reference 1.
REFERENCE
1. Janz, G. J., Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Molten Salts: Correlation Equations for Critically Evaluated Density, Surface Tension,
Electrical Conductance, and Viscosity Data, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17, Suppl. 2, 1988.
2. Nasch, P. M., and Steinemann, S. G., Phys. Chem. Liq., 29, 43, 1995.
Formula Name tm/°Cρm/g cm–3 k/g cm–3 °C–1 tmax
Ag Silver 961.78 9.320 0.0009 1500
AgBr Silver(I) bromide 432 5.577 0.001035 667
AgCl Silver(I) chloride 455 4.83 0.00094 627
AgI Silver(I) iodide 558 5.58 0.00101 802
AgNO3Silver(I) nitrate 212 3.970 0.001098 360
Ag2SO4Silver(I) sulfate 652 4.84 0.001089 770
Al Aluminum 660.32 2.375 0.000233 1340
AlBr3Aluminum bromide 97.5 2.647 0.002435 267
AlCl3Aluminum chloride 192.6 1.302 0.002711 296
AlI3Aluminum iodide 188.32 3.223 0.0025 240
As Arsenic 817 5.22 0.000544
Au Gold 1064.18 17.31 0.001343 1200
B Boron 2075 2.08
Ba Barium 727 3.338 0.000299 1550
BaBr2Barium bromide 857 3.991 0.000924 900
BaCl2Barium chloride 962 3.174 0.000681 1081
BaF2Barium fluoride 1368 4.14 0.000999 1727
BaI2Barium iodide 711 4.26 0.000977 975
Be Beryllium 1287 1.690 0.00011
BeCl2Beryllium chloride 415 1.54 0.0011 473
BeF2Beryllium fluoride 552 1.96 0.000015 850
Bi Bismuth 271.40 10.05 0.00135 800
BiBr3Bismuth bromide 218 4.76 0.002637 927
BiCl3Bismuth chloride 230 3.916 0.0023 350
Ca Calcium 842 1.378 0.000230 1484
CaBr2Calcium bromide 742 3.111 0.0005 791
CaCl2Calcium chloride 775 2.085 0.000422 950
CaF2Calcium fluoride 1418 2.52 0.000391 2027
CaI2Calcium iodide 783 3.443 0.000751 1028
Cd Cadmium 321.07 7.996 0.001218 500
CdBr2Cadmium bromide 568 4.075 0.00108 720
CdCl2Cadmium chloride 564 3.392 0.00082 807
CdI2Cadmium iodide 387 4.396 0.001117 700
Ce Cerium 799 6.55 0.000710 1460
CeCl3Cerium(III) chloride 817 3.25 0.00092 950
CeF3Cerium(III) fluoride 1430 4.659 0.000936 1927
Co Cobalt 1495 7.75 0.00165 1580
Cr Chromium 1907 6.3 0.0011 2100
Cs Cesium 28.44 1.843 0.000556 510
CsBr Cesium bromide 636 3.133 0.001223 860
CsCl Cesium chloride 645 2.79 0.001065 906
CsF Cesium fluoride 703 3.649 0.001282 912
CsI Cesium iodide 621 3.197 0.001183 907
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DENSITY OF MOLTEN ELEMENTS AND REPRESENTATIVE SALTS

This table lists the liquid density at the melting point, ρm , for elements that are solid at room temperature, as well as for some representative salts of these elements. Densities at higher temperatures (up to the t max given in the last column) may be estimated from the equation

ρ( t ) = ρm - k ( t - t m )

where t m is the melting point and k is given in the fifth column of the table. If a value of t max is not given, the equation should not be used to extrapolate more than about 20°C beyond the melting point. Data for the elements were selected from the primary literature; the assistance of Gernot Lang in compiling these data is gratefully acknowledged. The molten salt data were derived from Reference 1.

REFERENCE

  1. Janz, G. J., Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Molten Salts: Correlation Equations for Critically Evaluated Density, Surface Tension, Electrical Conductance, and Viscosity Data, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data , 17, Suppl. 2, 1988.
  2. Nasch, P. M., and Steinemann, S. G., Phys. Chem. Liq. , 29, 43, 1995.
  • Ag Silver 961.78 9.320 0.0009 Formula Name t m / ° C ρ m /g cm –3 k /g cm –3 ° C –1 t max
  • AgBr Silver(I) bromide 432 5.577 0.001035
  • AgCl Silver(I) chloride 455 4.83 0.00094
  • AgI Silver(I) iodide 558 5.58 0.00101
  • AgNO 3 Silver(I) nitrate 212 3.970 0.001098
  • Ag 2 SO 4 Silver(I) sulfate 652 4.84 0.001089
  • Al Aluminum 660.32 2.375 0.000233
  • AlBr 3 Aluminum bromide 97.5 2.647 0.002435
  • AlCl 3 Aluminum chloride 192.6 1.302 0.002711
  • AlI 3 Aluminum iodide 188.32 3.223 0.0025
  • As Arsenic 817 5.22 0.
  • Au Gold 1064.18 17.31 0.001343
  • B Boron 2075 2.
  • Ba Barium 727 3.338 0.000299
  • BaBr 2 Barium bromide 857 3.991 0.000924
  • BaCl 2 Barium chloride 962 3.174 0.000681
  • BaF 2 Barium fluoride 1368 4.14 0.000999
  • BaI 2 Barium iodide 711 4.26 0.000977
  • Be Beryllium 1287 1.690 0.
  • BeCl 2 Beryllium chloride 415 1.54 0.0011
  • BeF 2 Beryllium fluoride 552 1.96 0.000015
  • Bi Bismuth 271.40 10.05 0.00135
  • BiBr 3 Bismuth bromide 218 4.76 0.002637
  • BiCl 3 Bismuth chloride 230 3.916 0.0023
  • Ca Calcium 842 1.378 0.000230
  • CaBr 2 Calcium bromide 742 3.111 0.0005
  • CaCl 2 Calcium chloride 775 2.085 0.000422
  • CaF 2 Calcium fluoride 1418 2.52 0.000391
  • CaI 2 Calcium iodide 783 3.443 0.000751
  • Cd Cadmium 321.07 7.996 0.001218
  • CdBr 2 Cadmium bromide 568 4.075 0.00108
  • CdCl 2 Cadmium chloride 564 3.392 0.00082
  • CdI2 Cadmium iodide 387 4.396 0.001117
  • Ce Cerium 799 6.55 0.000710
  • CeCl 3 Cerium(III) chloride 817 3.25 0.00092
  • CeF 3 Cerium(III) fluoride 1430 4.659 0.000936
  • Co Cobalt 1495 7.75 0.00165
  • Cr Chromium 1907 6.3 0.0011
  • Cs Cesium 28.44 1.843 0.000556
  • CsBr Cesium bromide 636 3.133 0.001223
  • CsCl Cesium chloride 645 2.79 0.001065
  • CsF Cesium fluoride 703 3.649 0.001282
  • CsI Cesium iodide 621 3.197 0.001183
  • CsNO 3 Cesium nitrate 414 2.820 0.001166
  • Cs 2 SO 4 Cesium sulfate 1005 3.1 0.00095
  • Cu Copper 1084.62 8.02 0.000609
  • CuCl Copper(I) chloride 430 3.692 0.00076
  • Dy Dysprosium 1411 8.37 0.00143
  • DyCl 3 Dysprosium(III) chloride 680 3.62 0.00068
  • Er Erbium 1529 8.86 0.00157
  • Eu Europium 822 5.13 0.0028
  • Fe Iron 1538 6.98 0.000572
  • FeCl 2 Iron(II) chloride 677 2.348 0.000555
  • Ga Gallium 29.76 6.08 0.00062
  • GaBr 3 Gallium(III) bromide 121.5 3.116 0.00246
  • GaCl 3 Gallium(III) chloride 77.9 2.053 0.002083
  • GaI 3 Gallium(III) iodide 212 3.630 0.002377
  • Gd Gadolinium 1314 7.
  • GdCl 3 Gadolinium(III) chloride 609 3.56 0.000671
  • GdI 3 Gadolinium(III) iodide 925 4.12 0.000908
  • Ge Germanium 938.25 5.60 0.00055
  • Hf Hafnium
  • HgBr 2 Mercury(II) bromide 236 5.126 0.003233
  • HgCl 2 Mercury(II) chloride 276 4.368 0.002862
  • HgI 2 Mercury(II) iodide 259 5.222 0.003235
  • Ho Holmium 1472 8.
  • In Indium 156.60 7.02 0.000836
  • InBr 3 Indium(III) bromide 420 3.121 0.0015
  • InCl 3 Indium(III) chloride 583 2.140 0.0021
  • InI 3 Indium(III) iodide 207 3.820 0.0015
  • Ir Iridium
  • K Potassium 63.38 0.828 0.000232
  • KBr Potassium bromide 734 2.127 0.000825
  • KCl Potassium chloride 771 1.527 0.000583
  • KF Potassium fluoride 858 1.910 0.000651
  • KI Potassium iodide 681 2.448 0.000956
  • KNO 3 Potassium nitrate 337 1.865 0.000723
  • La Lanthanum 920 5.94 0.00061
  • LaBr3 Lanthanum bromide 788 4.933 0.000096
  • LaCl 3 Lanthanum chloride 859 3.209 0.000777
  • LaF 3 Lanthanum fluoride 1493 4.589 0.000682
  • LaI 3 Lanthanum iodide 778 4.29 0.001110
  • Li Lithium 180.5 0.512 0.00052
  • LiBr Lithium bromide 552 2.528 0.000652
  • LiCl Lithium chloride 610 1.502 0.000432
  • LiF Lithium fluoride 848.2 1.81 0.000490
  • LiI Lithium iodide 469 3.109 0.000917
  • LiNO 3 Lithium nitrate 253 1.781 0.000546
  • Li 2 SO 4 Lithium sulfate 859 2.003 0.000407
  • Lu Lutetium 1663 9.
  • Mg Magnesium 650 1.584 0.000234
  • MgBr 2 Magnesium bromide 711 2.62 0.000478
  • MgCl 2 Magnesium chloride 714 1.68 0.000271
  • MgI 2 Magnesium iodide 634 3.05 0.000651
  • Mn Manganese 1246 5.95 0.00105
  • MnCl 2 Manganese(II) chloride 650 2.353 0.000437
  • Mo Molybdenum 2623 9.
  • Na Sodium 97.80 0.927 0.00023
  • NaBr Sodium bromide 747 2.342 0.000816
  • Na 2 CO 3 Sodium carbonate 858.1 1.972 0.000448
  • NaCl Sodium chloride 800.7 1.556 0.000543
  • NaF Sodium fluoride 996 1.948 0.000636
  • NaI Sodium iodide 660 2.742 0.000949
  • NaNO 3 Sodium nitrate 307 1.90 0.000715 Formula Name t m / ° C ρ m /g cm –3 k /g cm –3 ° C –1 t max
  • Na 2 SO 4 Sodium sulfate 884 2.069 0.000483
  • Nd Neodymium 1016 6.89 0.00076
  • Ni Nickel 1455 7.81 0.000726
  • NiCl 2 Nickel(II) chloride 1009 2.653 0.00066
  • Os Osmium
  • Pb Lead 327.46 10.66 0.00122
  • PbBr 2 Lead(II) bromide 371 5.73 0.00165
  • PbCl 2 Lead(II) chloride 501 4.951 0.0015
  • PbI 2 Lead(II) iodide 410 5.691 0.001594
  • Pd Palladium 1554.9 10.38 0.001169
  • Pr Praseodymium 931 6.50 0.00093
  • PrCl 3 Praseodymium chloride 786 3.23 0.00074
  • Pt Platinum 1768.4 19.77 0.0024
  • Pu Plutonium 640 16.63 0.001419
  • Rb Rubidium 39.31 1.46 0.000451
  • RbBr Rubidium bromide 682 2.715 0.001072
  • Rb 2 CO 3 Rubidium carbonate 837 2.84 0.000640
  • RbCl Rubidium chloride 715 2.248 0.000883
  • RbF Rubidium fluoride 833 2.87 0.00102
  • RbI Rubidium iodide 642 2.904 0.001143
  • RbNO 3 Rubidium nitrate 305 2.519 0.001068
  • Rb 2 SO 4 Rubidium sulfate 1050 2.56 0.000665
  • Re Rhenium 3186 18.
  • Rh Rhodium 1964 10.7 0.000895
  • Ru Ruthenium 2334 10.
  • S Sulfur 115.21 1.819 0.00080
  • Sb Antimony 630.63 6.53 0.00067
  • SbCl 3 Antimony(III) chloride 73.4 2.681 0.002293
  • SbCl 5 Antimony(V) chloride 4 2.37 0.001869
  • SbI 3 Antimony(III) iodide 168 4.171 0.002483
  • Sc Scandium 1541 2.
  • Se Selenium 221 3.
  • Si Silicon 1414 2.57 0.000936
  • Sm Samarium 1072 7.
  • Sn Tin 231.93 6.99 0.000601
  • SnCl 2 Tin(II) chloride 247 3.36 0.001253
  • SnCl 4 Tin(IV) chloride -33 2.37 0.002687
  • Sr Strontium 777 6.
  • SrBr 2 Strontium bromide 657 3.70 0.000745
  • SrCl 2 Strontium chloride 874 2.727 0.000578
  • SrF 2 Strontium fluoride 1477 3.470 0.000751
  • SrI 2 Strontium iodide 538 4.085 0.000885
  • Ta Tantalum
  • TaCl 5 Tantalum(V) chloride 216 2.700 0.004316
  • Tb Terbium 1359 7.
  • Te Tellurium 449.51 5.70 0.00035
  • ThCl 4 Thorium chloride 770 3.363 0.0014
  • ThF 4 Thorium fluoride 1110 6.058 0.000759
  • Ti Titanium 1668 4.
  • TiCl 4 Titanium(IV) chloride -25 1.807 0.001735
  • Tl Thallium 304 11.22 0.00144
  • TlBr Thallium(I) bromide 460 5.98 0.001755
  • TlCl Thallium(I) chloride 430 5.628 0.0018
  • TlI Thallium(I) iodide 441.8 6.15 0.001761
  • TlNO 3 Thallium(I) nitrate 206 4.91 0.001873
  • Tl 2 SO 4 Thallium(I) sulfate 632 5.62 0.00130
  • Tm Thulium 1545 8.56 0.00050
  • U Uranium 1135 17.
  • UCl 3 Uranium(III) chloride 837 4.84 0.007943
  • UCl 4 Uranium(IV) chloride 590 3.572 0.001945 Formula Name t m / ° C ρ m /g cm –3 k /g cm –3 ° C–1 t max
  • UF 4 Uranium(IV) fluoride 1036 6.485 0.000992
  • V Vanadium 1910 5.
  • W Tungsten 3422 17.
  • Y Yttrium 1526 4.
  • YCl 3 Yttrium chloride 721 2.510 0.0005
  • Yb Ytterbium 824 6.
  • Zn Zinc 419.53 6.57 0.0011
  • ZnBr 2 Zinc bromide 394 3.47 0.000959
  • ZnCl 2 Zinc chloride 290 2.54 0.00053
  • ZnI 2 Zinc iodide 446 3.878 0.00136
  • ZnSO 4 Zinc sulfate 680 3.14 0.00047
  • Zr Zirconium 1855 5.
  • ZrCl 4 Zirconium chloride 437 1.643 0.007464