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Physics Concepts: Angular Velocity, Gravitation, Oscillations, Communication Systems, Ther, Slides of Physics

Royal Agricultural University (RAU)Physics

Various physics concepts including Angular Velocity, Gravitation, Oscillations, Communication Systems, Thermal Physics, Ideal Gases, Coulombs Law, Electronics, Magnetic Fields, Electromagnetism, Charged Particles, Alternating Currents, and Quantum Physics. Topics include Angular Frequency, Gravitational Field, Geostationary Orbit, Simple Harmonic Motion, Amplitude Modulation, Electric Potential, Capacitance, Feedback, and more.

Typology: Slides

2021/2022

Uploaded on 09/12/2022

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Definitions A2 Physics
Circular Motion
Radian: Angle (subtended) where arc (length) is equal to radius (angle subtended) at the centre of
a circle.
Angular Velocity: Rate of change of angle / angular displacement swept out by radius.
Gravitational Field
Newtons Law of Gravitation: Two-point masses attract each other with a force that is proportional
to product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their separation.
Gravitational Field Strength: Gravitational force experienced by an object per unit mass.
Gravitational Potential: Work done per unit mass bringing (small test) mass from infinity (to the
point).
Geostationary Orbit: Equatorial orbit / above equator satellite moves from west to east / same
direction as Earth spins period is 24 hours / same period as spinning of Earth.
Geostationary Satellite: Satellite is in equatorial orbit travelling from west to east period of 24
hours / 1 day.
Gravitational Field: Region of space area / volume where a mass experiences a force.
Potential Energy: Ability to do work as a result of the position/shape, etc. of an object
Oscillations
Angular Frequency: (angular frequency =) 2π × frequency or 2π/ period
Oscillations: To-and-fro / backward and forward motion (between two limits).
Simple Harmonic Motion: Type of vibratory motion in which acceleration/force proportional to
displacement (from fixed point) and acceleration/force and displacement in opposite directions.
Free Oscillations: (body oscillates) Without any loss of energy/no resistive forces/no external
forces applied.
Forced Oscillations: Continuous energy input (required)/body is made to vibrate by an
(external) periodic force/driving oscillator.
Forced Frequency: Frequency at which object is made to vibrate/oscillate.
Natural Frequency: Frequency at which object vibrates when free to do so.
Resonance: Maximum amplitude of vibration of oscillating body when forced frequency equals
natural frequency (of vibration).
Damping: Reduction in amplitude / energy of oscillations due to force (always) opposing motion /
resistive forces.
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Download Physics Concepts: Angular Velocity, Gravitation, Oscillations, Communication Systems, Ther and more Slides Physics in PDF only on Docsity!

Definitions A2 Physics

Circular Motion

Radian: Angle (subtended) where arc (length) is equal to radius (angle subtended) at the centre of a circle. Angular Velocity: Rate of change of angle / angular displacement swept out by radius.

Gravitational Field

Newtons Law of Gravitation: Two-point masses attract each other with a force that is proportional to product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their separation. Gravitational Field Strength: Gravitational force experienced by an object per unit mass. Gravitational Potential: Work done per unit mass bringing (small test) mass from infinity (to the point). Geostationary Orbit: Equatorial orbit / above equator satellite moves from west to east / same direction as Earth spins period is 24 hours / same period as spinning of Earth. Geostationary Satellite: Satellite is in equatorial orbit travelling from west to east period of 24 hours / 1 day. Gravitational Field: Region of space area / volume where a mass experiences a force. Potential Energy: Ability to do work as a result of the position/shape, etc. of an object

Oscillations

Angular Frequency: (angular frequency =) 2π × frequency or 2π/ period Oscillations: To-and-fro / backward and forward motion (between two limits). Simple Harmonic Motion: Type of vibratory motion in which acceleration/force proportional to displacement (from fixed point) and acceleration/force and displacement in opposite directions. Free Oscillations: (body oscillates) Without any loss of energy/no resistive forces/no external forces applied. Forced Oscillations: Continuous energy input (required)/body is made to vibrate by an (external) periodic force/driving oscillator. Forced Frequency: Frequency at which object is made to vibrate/oscillate. Natural Frequency: Frequency at which object vibrates when free to do so. Resonance: Maximum amplitude of vibration of oscillating body when forced frequency equals natural frequency (of vibration). Damping: Reduction in amplitude / energy of oscillations due to force (always) opposing motion / resistive forces.

Communication Systems

Amplitude Modulation: Amplitude of carrier wave varies in synchrony with displacement of information signal. Noise: random (unwanted) signal / power that masks / added to / interferes with / distorts transmitted signal. Regeneration: Noise/distortion is removed (from the signal) the (original) signal is reformed/reproduced/recovered/restored Or Signal detected above/below a threshold creates new signal of 1s and 0s. Frequency Modulation: Frequency of carrier wave varies in synchrony with the displacement of the signal/information wave. Attenuation: (gradual) Loss of power/intensity/amplitude (not “signal”). Modulated Carrier Wave: High frequency wave the amplitude or the frequency is varied the variation represents the information signal /in synchrony with (the displacement of) the information signal. Crosslinking: Signal in one wire (pair) is picked up by a neighboring wire (pair). Parallel to serial Convertor: Receives bits all at one time transmits the bits one after another. Digital Signal: (series of) ‘highs’ and ‘lows’ / ‘on’ and ‘off’ / 1’s and 0’s / two values with no intermediate values / the values are discrete. Analogue Signal: Signal that is continuously variable. Signal has same variation (with time) as the data. Analogue to Digital Convertor: Analogue signal is sampled at (regular time) intervals sampled signal is converted into a binary number. Cross Talk: Picking up of signal in one cable from a second (nearby) cable.

Thermal Physics

Specific Latent Heat: (thermal) energy required to change the state of a substance per unit mass without any change of temperature. Internal Energy: The sum of random distribution of kinetic and potential energies of the atoms or molecules in a system. Thermal Equilibrium: Same temperature no (net) transfer of thermal energy (between the bodies). Specific Heat Capacity: The (thermal) energy per unit mass to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree.

difference between V – and V+ must be very small or V – must be equal to V+ Infinite Slew Rate: The output voltage is changed instantaneously as the input voltage is changed. There is no time delay between change in input and change in output. Voltage gain: gain = voltage output / voltage input Relay: Relay is used to switch on/off mains supply using a low voltage/current output Negative Feedback: Fraction of the output (signal) is added to the input (signal). Out of phase by 180° / π rad / to inverting input. Comparator: Used to compare two potentials / voltages, output depends upon which is greater. Processing Unit: Operates on / takes signal from sensing device (so that) it gives a voltage output.

Magnetic Fields and Electromagnetism

Field of force: Region (of space) where an object/particle experiences a force. Magnetic Field: Region (of space) / area where a force is experienced by current-carrying conductor / moving charge / permanent magnet Tesla: One tesla is when (long) straight conductor carrying current of 1 A is normal to magnetic field (for flux density 1 T,) and experiences a force of one newton per meter.

Charged Particles

Quantization of charge: either charge exists in discrete and equal quantities or multiples of elementary charge / e / 1.6 × 10 – 19 C

Electromagnetic Induction

Faraday’s Law: (induced) e.m.f. proportional to rate of change of magnetic flux (linkage). Lenz’s Law: Induced e.m.f./current produces effects / acts in such a direction / tends to oppose the change causing it. Magnetic Flux Density: (numerically equal to) force per unit length on straight conductor carrying unit current normal to the field.

Alternating Currents

Smoothing: (output) p.d. / voltage / current does not fall to zero range of (output) p.d. / voltage / current is reduced Ideal Transformer: no power loss in transformer or input power = output power. Root Mean square value of an alternating current: That value of the direct current / steady current producing same (mean) power / heating in a resistor as the alternating current.

Quantum Physics

Photon: Packet/quantum/discrete amount of energy of electromagnetic radiation having energy equal to Planck constant × frequency. De Broglie’s Wave Length: Particle/electron has a wavelength (associated with it) dependent on its momentum or when/because particle is moving. Photo Electric Effect: Electromagnetic radiation/photons incident on a surface causes emission of electrons (from the surface). Threshold Frequency: Minimum frequency of photon required for electron(s) to be emitted (from surface) or frequency of photon causing emission of electron(s)from surface with zero kinetic energy. Work function Energy: Minimum photon energy required to remove an electron (from the surface).

Nuclear Physics

Radioactive: Unstable Nucleus emits particles/EM radiation/ionizing radiation. Emission from nucleus is random and spontaneous. Decay Constant: Probability of decay (of a nucleus) per unit time. Binding Energy: (minimum) energy required / work done to separate the nucleons (in a nucleus) to infinity. Half Life: Time for number of atoms/nuclei or activity to be reduced to half of original value/initial activity. Gamma Radiations: (photons of) Electromagnetic radiation emitted from nuclei. Nucleus: Small central part/core of an atom. Nucleon: Proton or a neutron (particle) contained within a nucleus. Isotopes: Different forms of same element or nuclei having same number of protons with different numbers of neutrons. Radioactive Decay: Nucleus/nuclei emits spontaneously/randomly α - particles, β - particles, γ - ray photons. Nuclear Fusion: Two (light) nuclei combine to form a more massive nucleus. Nuclear Fission: Heavy / large nucleus breaks up / splits into two nuclei / fragments of approximately equal mass.