DDA STUDY GUIDE EXAM 1 (QUESTIONS & ANSWERS) SOLVED 100% CORRECT!!, Exams of Nursing

Download DDA STUDY GUIDE EXAM 1 (QUESTIONS & ANSWERS) SOLVED 100% CORRECT!! and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

DDA STUDY GUIDE

EXAM 1 (QUESTIONS &

ANSWERS) SOLVED

100% CORRECT!!

DDA

Evatee 9 /29/24 DDA

DDA STUDY GUIDE EXAM 1 (QUESTIONS & ANSWERS) SOLVED 100% CORRECT!! Pharmacology is defined as what? Answer - the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems therapeutics is defined as what? Answer - use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, and treat illness and or pregnancy. it is the medical use to drugs what is the most important property of a drug? Answer - its effectiveness this property of an ideal drug states that even at a high concentration and for long periods of administration; a drug must be safe? But there is no totally safe drug. (non habit forming or side effects) Answer - Safety this property of an ideal drug states that a drug must elicit only the response for which it is given? (all drugs can cause side effects) Answer - Selectivity an ideal drug would be expected to exhibit? Answer - predictability, selectivity, and stability match the right ADME to its location: A= 1. Liver D= 2. kidney M= 3.bloodstream E= 4. stomach

the last type of non covalent drug receptor bond interaction? Answer - Hydrophobic bonding; van der Waals Chelation; complexation; and change transfer interactions. this type of drug action on receptors mimics action of neurotransmitters at the same site; or binds to near site to facilitate neurotransmitters binding? Answer

• agonist this type of drug action on receptors blocks action of neurotransmitter at the same site? Answer - antagonist isoproterenol is a beta- adrenergic agoniest that mimics the physiologic agonist. Its what type of drug action? Answer - full agonist Dobutamine is a beta- adrenergic that is an intermediate between an agonist and antagonist. Its what type of drug action? Answer - Partial agonist Antihistamine is considered as an inverse agonist of H1 receptor. it causes constitutively active targets to become inactive. Its what type of drug action? Answer - Inverse agonist what is the study of pharmacodynamics? Answer - study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body or microorganism, or parasites within or on the body and the mechanism of drug action. relationship between drug concentration and effects. angiotensin converiting enzyme inhibitor and renin inhibitor are drug that occup the active site and prevents binding of physiological ligands. they are

considered to be what type of inhibition? Answer - competitive or reversible inhibition alkylating agents are drugs that covalently bind at the active site of the enzyme and irreversibly inhibit it. They are considered to be what type of inhibition? Answer - non-competitive or irreversible inhibition Non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (antiviral or HIV) are drugs that bind to cause a conformational change in the enzyme that prevents it from binding to its physiological substrate. they are considered to be what type of inhibition? Answer - allosteric inhibition what are the types of drug action theories? Answer - Occupancy Theory Modification of Occupancy Theory Rate Theory Induce-Fit Theory Macromolecular Perturbation theory Occupation-Activation Theory of "Two-State Model" this theory stats that drug and receptor bind to form a complex. And the intensity of the complex is directly proportional to the concentration of DR complex. Emax is determined when DR reaches its max; causing there to be no toxicity. Answer - Occupancy theory what is the limitation of Occupancy theory? Answer - partial agonist drugs do not fallow the theory. a max will never be reached even at high doses. Causing there to be not relationship between occupancy and response. the property that enables a drug to produce a response is termed? Answer - the intrinsic activity or efficacy

multistep pathways allows for Answer - amplification signal pathways often times inactivate what? Answer - gene expression abnormal kinase activity often times contribute to Answer - disease processes what present of our gene code for kinases? Answer - 1% protein phosphorylation is often regulated by what? Answer - protein phosphatase this receptor system is extremely widespread and diverse? Answer - G-protein receptors this puts a phosphate group on the signaling protein to turn it on? Answer - protein kinase this process makes GTP, and turns off the signaling protein, by taking a phosphate off the signaling protein? Answer - GTP hydrolysis this takes phosphate of the signaling protein, and turns it off? Answer - protein phosphatase this secondary molecule is create through G-protein receptor activation? Answer - cAMP

this secondary molecule is create through both G-protein and tyrosin-kinase receptor activation? Answer - IP this secondary molecule is create through ion-channel receptor activation? Answer - Ca2+ this is the abnormal functioning of diseased organs and how it applies to medical treatment and patient care Answer - pathophysiology this is the lose of homeostatsis, or when physical or mental capacities cannot be fully utilized. Answer - disease this is the cause of disease, when unknown its called idiopathic? Answer - etiology when hypertension has an unknown cause it is called Answer - essential hypertension this is the rapid onset, develop quickly, usually of short duration Answer - acute this is a long duration onset may be sudden or insidious (proceeding in a gradual or subtle way but with harmful effect) Answer - chronic this is diminished blood flow to the tissues. it is the mostly common cause of cell injury. Answer - ishemia this is the decrease in oxygen delivery to the tissues Answer - hypoxia

this factor that affects stress on a cells is determined by specific cellular function that may predispose them to harm? Answer - differentiation this factor that affects stress on a cells is determined by a good blood supply. better the supply, better survival Answer - blood supply this factor that affects stress on a cells is determined by nutrition and state of heath? Answer - state of nutrition and state of cellular health at the time of stress this is a increase in the size of the cells resulting in increase to size of organ (chronic organ enlargement)? Answer - hypertrophy this is an increase in cell number, occurs in cells capable of replication (caused by excessive hormal or growth factor stimulation. may leave when stress leaves) Answer - hyperplasia this is a reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another cell type. it is genetic reprogramming of stem cells Answer - Metaplasia this is digestion of cells own components to create survival mechanism in times of nutrient deprivation Answer - autophagy this is a result of a progressive decline in the proliferative capacity and life span of cells and effects of continuous exposure to exogenous factors that cause accumulation of cellular and molecular damage? Answer - cellular aging this is any demand on the cell that requires it to adapt Answer - stress

cell injury can occur if adaptive capability of the cell is Answer - exceeded cell death is Answer - irreversible cells stress response is determined by Answer - blood supply and nutrient status cells injury is Answer - reversible hypoxia and ischemia are usually, but not always Answer - related increase in glucose can cause Answer - cell death what are the five signs of inflammation Answer - rubor, calor, tumor, dolor this is a rapid response to injury that alters vascular caliber to increase blood flow, structure changes in the microvascualature that allows plasma proteins and leukocytes to leave circulation (edema). blood vessels briefly constricts and dilate, and mostly neutrophilic inflitration. Answer - acute inflammation this is the infiltration of macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells; tissue destruction caused by inflammatory cells (hallmark), healing by connective tissue to replace damaged tissues, where macrophages accumulation persists. Answer - chronic inflammation this is type of vascular stage inflammation only last for 30 mins, mediated by histamines and leukotrienes on endothelium Answer - immediate transient response

interleukin and interferon are a type of Answer - endogenous pyrogen the synthesis of prostaglandin (pyrogens) cause hypothalamus to Answer - raise its set point (fever) what are types to disease of chronic inflammation Answer - Alzheimer, stroke, AIDS, heart disease, cancer, obesity, smoking, type II diabites these are chemical inflammatory mediators Answer - prostaglangins, thromboxanes, leukotrines, cytokines these are inflammatory cell mediators Answer - mast cells, leukocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, and platelets NSAIDS Answer - this work by inhibiting COX 1 and 2, inhibiting PGE synthesis in the hypothalamus; create anti-inflamation by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis; reduce pain associated with anti-inflammatory action (analgesic), lowers fever by inhibiting hypothalamus synthesis of PGE (antipyrectic); but may cause gastric pain/bleeding/ulcers due to lack of PG in stomach; Na and water retention from inhibition of PG in kidneys. This disease is linked to mitochondrial damage by aspirin intake; viral-illness fever; acute encephalopatly; liver dysfunction; and possible death Answer - Reyes syndrome this drug is an anti-inflammation, analgesic, antipyretic, antiplatelet; mostly COX 1 inhibitor; that can cause GI pain/bleeding/ulcers, Na and water retention; and Reye's syndrome Answer - Aspirin

this drug is an anti-inflammation, analgesic, antipyretic; COX 1 and 2 inhibitor; that can cause less GI and antiplatelet effect then aspirin Answer - Ibuprofen this drug is an anti-inflammation, analgesic, antipyretic; reversible COX 1 and 2 inhibitor; that can cause risk of MI, but less GI and antiplatelet effect then aspirin. longer half-life then aspirin or ibuprofen Answer - Naproxen this drug is an anti-inflammation, analgesic, antipyretic; mostly COX 2 inhibitor; less GI and antiplatelet effect then aspirin, but increase risk of MI and stroke. Answer - Celecoxib this drug is an analgesic, antipyretic; central inhibition; but less GI effect then aspirin. Answer - Acetaminophen these therapurtic agent control carb, fat, and protein metabolism; is an immunosupp/anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic agent; that prevent phospholipid release. Answer - Glucocorticoids this theraputic agent decrease adhesion molecule expression (limiting leukocyte localization); decrease expression of PLA2 and COX2; decrease the formation and release of cytokines (Interleukins, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha) Answer - Glucocorticoids effect this is used to treat Rheumatoid arthriris, Chron's disease, nephrotic syndrome, asthma, allergic reactions, occular inflammation, inflammation during organ transplant, Answer - Glucocorticoids theraputic agent this agent may cause edema, delayed healing, osteoprosis, infection, decrease Ca2+ absorption and sex steroid production, inhibit bone formation, increase bone reabsoption and renal Ca2+ excretion Answer - adverse effects of Glucocorticoids

This syndrome is a type of Septic shock that has low cardiac output Answer - hypodynamic state or cold shock these symptom can accrue during septic shock? Answer - altered organ perfusion, imbalance of oxygen delivery and consumption, metaboic acidosis, hemodynamic alteration this is a type of cell injury that is caused by SIRS and chemical release factors Answer - Leukocyte-mediated tissues injury MODS stands for Answer - multiple organ dysfunction caused by cell death or injury increase organ perfussion (expand blood volume), hemodynamic monitoring ( spreading of disease), control infection source (broad spectrum IV antibiotics), support of dysfuntional organ systems. Answer - septic treatment