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Aggregates
Groups
TERM 2
Regularities
DEFINITION 2
Patterns
TERM 3
Variable
DEFINITION 3
Anything that varies in the social world.
TERM 4
Attribute
DEFINITION 4
Individual characteristics that comprise a variable.
TERM 5
Operationalization
DEFINITION 5
process of listing the attributes of a variable insuring that
those attributes are 1) mutually exclusive 2) exhaustive
Mutually Exclusive
every observation falls into one and only one category of the
attributes
TERM 7
Exhaustive
DEFINITION 7
every observation is accounted for on the list of attributes
TERM 8
Theory
DEFINITION 8
logical relationship between two or more variables
TERM 9
Independent Variable
DEFINITION 9
Impacting DV
TERM 10
Dependent Variable
DEFINITION 10
dependent on IV
Sampling
process of selecting obseervations
TERM 17
Population
DEFINITION 17
every element that could potentially be observed
TERM 18
Reasons Why We
Sample
DEFINITION 18
1) Not possible to observed every element of a population2)
If you do it correctly, its not necessary to observe the entire
population
TERM 19
Obtrusive
Research
DEFINITION 19
subjects are aware they're being studied
TERM 20
Unobtrusive
Research
DEFINITION 20
subjects are not aware they're being studied; researcher has
no contact with subject (best way to observe because people
are more natural)
Probability Sampling
each member of a population has an equal
chance/probability of being selected into the sample
(attempts to retain the heterogeneity of the population)
TERM 22
Heterogeneous
DEFINITION 22
different
TERM 23
Homogeneous
DEFINITION 23
Same
TERM 24
Sampling Frame
DEFINITION 24
the actual list of the elements of a population
TERM 25
Sampling Error
DEFINITION 25
error that could be made while forming the sampling frame
(does and will occur)
Units of Analysis
The Individual: the most typical unit of analysis (we
observe the individual)
Groups: collection of people that # 10 or less (EX: gang
groups)
Organization: larger groups (same as groups)
Social Artifacts: products of society; anything manmade,
not human (Ex: book, CD, building, computer)
TERM 32
Level of Measurement
DEFINITION 32
The level at which a variable is being measured (the higher
the level of measurement, the more you can manipulate a
variable)
TERM 33
Levels of Measurement
DEFINITION 33
Nominal: Norank ordering, Exhaustive, Mutually Exclusive
(yes/no questions)(categorical variable)
Ordinal: M.E., Exhaustive, There is a rank ordering (none, some,
a lot)(categorical scale variable)
Interval: M.E., Exhaustive, Rank ordering, There is a standard
interval between attributes (Ex: Interstate highway speeds)
(numerical scale variable)
Ratio: M.E., Exhaustive, Rank Ordering, Equal interval between
attributes, a true zero point; highest level of measurement (Test
scores...) (numerical scale variable)
TERM 34
Continuous Variable
DEFINITION 34
a variable that is infinitely reducible; have a time element to
them (time, age)
TERM 35
Discrete Variable
DEFINITION 35
not infinitely reducible (# of siblings; pairs of shoes; cant
have 2 1/2 pairs of shoes)
Deductive Reasoning
start with a general theory, and moves to specific
observations
