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D311 NURS 1010 Microbiology with Lab
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List & Describe each cranial nerve and its function in the body # (1) (Sensory) OLFACTORY - Tests sense of smell List & describe each cranial nerve and its function in the body # (2) (Sensory) Optic - tests vision List & Describe each cranial nerve and its function in the body # (3) (Motor) Oculomotor - Opening of eye lid and eye movement, pupillary constriction List & Describe each cranial nerve and its function in the body #
(4) (Motor) Trochlear - Eye movement downward and laterally List & Describe each cranial nerve and its function in the body # (5) (Both) Trigeminal - Face and mouth, touch and pain, chewing List & Describe each cranial nerve and its function in the body # (6) (Motor) Abducens - eye movement (lateral) List & Describe each cranial nerve and its function in the body # (7) (Both) Facial - controls most facial expression, secretion of tears and saliva, taste List & Describe each cranial nerve and its function in the body # (8) (sensory) Vestibulocohlear or Acoustic - hearing, equilibrium, sensation
Describe Stages of Pressure Injury STAGE 1 Stage 1 - non blanch able, erythema, skin is intact Describe Stages of Pressure Injury STAGE 2 Stage 2 - partial thickness skin loss with exposed dermis Describe Stages of Pressure Injury STAGE 3 Stage 3 - Full thickness skin loss Describe Stages of Pressure Injury STAGE 4 Stage 4 - Full thickness skin and tissue lost Describe Stages of Pressure Injury UNSTAGEABLE Full thickness tissue lost, necrotic, eschar may be present Differentiate S1 & S2 Heart sounds (including location)
S1 - Occurs with closure of AV Valves; signals beginning of systole - at the apex of the heart S2 - occurs with the closure of semilunar valves; signals end of systole; at the base of the heart Understand guidelines for height/weight measurements along with nutrition assessment For Adults: overweight is defined by a BMI of 25 or greater, Obesity is defined as BMI of 30, normal is defined as BMI below 25 Compare and Contrast Types of Abuse (Physical, Emotional, Financial, & Sexual) PHYSICAL the physical force against someone, in a way that injures or endangers that person Compare and Contrast types of Abuse EMOTIONAL verbal and non verbal behavior meant to inflict fear and distress
Discuss the nutritional assessment in a nursing home resident, including signs of dehydration and dysphagia. Include factors that would affect nutrition if the patient were living alone on a fixed income During the nutritional assessment a dietitian gathers information about the resident's health history, admission diagnosis, measures such as height/weight and history, food & fluid intake and ability to chew/swallow, medication, Lab Data Discuss the nutritional assessment in a nursing home resident, including signs of dehydration and dysphagia. Include factors that would affect nutrition if the patient were living alone on a fixed income - Signs of Dehydration Signs of Dehydration include feeling thirsty , feeling dizzy/light headed, dry mouth, tiredness, strong smelling urine, sunken eyes Discuss the nutritional assessment in a nursing home resident, including signs of dehydration and dysphagia. Include factors that would affect nutrition if the patient were living alone on a fixed income - Signs of Dysphagia Signs of Dysphagia include coughing/choking when eating or drinking, trouble talking, face turning blue, may grasp throat with hands Discuss the nutritional assessment in a nursing home resident, including signs of dehydration and dysphagia. Include factors that would affect nutrition if the patient were living alone on a fixed income - Living Alone Social isolation and loneliness are independent risk factors for malnutrition
Define - optimal nutritional status that a person is receiving and using essential nutrients to maintain healthy well-being Define - slowed gastric motility (Gastroparesis) occurs when there is delayed gastric emptying Identify which abdominal organs in each quadrant and the structure of the abdominal wall- RIGHT UPPER QUADRANT Liver, part of the ascending & transverse colon, gall bladder, duodenum, right kidney, head of pancreas, and right adrenal gland Identify which abdominal organs in each quadrant and the structure of the abdominal wall - LEFT UPPER QUADRANT Liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, and left adrenal gland Identify which abdominal organs in each quadrant and the structure of the abdominal wall - RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT
Bowel sounds originate from the movement of air and fluid through the small intestine. They are high pitched, gurgling, cascading sounds that occur anywhere between 5 & 30 times per minute. Abnormal bowel sound includes hypoactive (decreased sounds) hyperactive (loud and increased) Patterns of Bowel activity - NORMAL a normal bowel movement occurs between two times a day and three times a week ANYTHING out of this range is ABNORMAL Constipation less than three bowel movements a week Diarrhea loose, watery stools three or more times a day Describe Normal Values for Peripheral Pulses (1+, 2+. 3+) & Identify proper landmarks for pulse sites. 0 - absent 1+ - Weak & Thready 2+ - Normal 3+ - Full Bounding
Describe Normal Values for Peripheral Pulses (1+, 2+. 3+) & Identify proper landmarks for pulse sites. Pulse Sites - Radial, Brachial, Femoral, Temporal, Carotid, Politeal, Posterior Tibial, Apical, Dorsalis Pedis Describe Peripheral Vasoconstriction Occurs when peripheral blood vessels become constricted, most commonly occurring when individuals are exposed to cold Understand the differences between when to use the Bell versus the Diaphragm of the stethoscope The BELL is most effective at transmitting lower frequency sounds The DIAPHRAGM is most effective at transmitting higher frequency sounds Describe the process of Palpation, inspection, percussion, and auscultation in each Body System - SKIN Inspection & Palpation - color, temperature, moisture, texture, thickness(callus) edema, mobility & turgor, vascularity & bruising, lesions.
Describe the process of Palpation, inspection, percussion, and auscultation in each Body System - LUNGS (cont.) 1 Passage of air through tracheobronchial tree creates a characteristic set of noises that are audible through chest wall Evaluate presence and quality of normal breath sounds both anterior and posterior Use Flat Diaphragm of stethoscope and listen to at lest one full respiration in each location Perform Bilateral Comparison Three types of breath sounds heard normally in adults and older child - Bronchovesicular Vesicular Describe the process of Palpation, inspection, percussion, and auscultation in each Body System - LUNGS (cont.) 2 Inspection - Posterior chest Note shape and configuration of chest wall Note the position the person takes to breath Assess skin color and condition Note any lesions, inquire about changes Describe the process of Palpation, inspection, percussion, and auscultation in each Body System - LUNGS (cont.) 3 Palpation - Tactile Fremitus refers to palpable vibration of the chest wall that results from transmission of sound vibrations through the lung tissue to the chest wall
Describe the process of Palpation, inspection, percussion, and auscultation in each Body System - ABDOMEN Auscultation - Note character and frequency of Bowel Sounds Where do bowel sounds originate from? Originate from movement of air and fluid through small intestine. What do bowel sounds sound like? Bowel sounds are high pitched, gurgling , cascading sounds, occurring irregularly, anywhere from 5 to 30 times per minute What are Abnormal Bowel Sounds? Hypoactive Hypoactive - decreased, can follow abdominal surgery, or with inflammation What are abnormal bowel sounds? Hyperactive Hyperactive - loud, high pitched signal increased motility
The normal sounds of percussion in the abdomen are tympany (high pitched drum) and dullness. Tympany is elicited over air filled structures and dullness over fluid or solid organs What is the role of the hypothalamus? A major respiratory center with basic vital functions, temperature, appetite, sex drive, heart rate, BP control, sleep center, anterior and posterior pituitary gland regulator, coordinator of autonomic nervous system activity and stress and response. What is the role of the Cerebellum? Motor coordination or voluntary movements, equilibrium, muscle tone. it does not initiate movement but coordinates and smooths it Compare and contrast the Corticospinal tract & Spinothalamic Tract Corticospinal Tract - is the major neuronal pathway providing MOTOR function. This tract connects the cortex to the spinal cord to enable movement of the distal extremities Spinothalamic Tract - is a sensory tract that carries nociceptive, temperature, crude touch, and pressure from our skin to the somatosensory area of the thalamus. it is responsible for our quick withdraw reaction to painful stimulus
Identify the role of the peripheral nerves The role of the peripheral nerves is to relay information between your brain and the rest of your body Cranial Nerves Olfactory - smell Optic - Vision Oculomotor - Trochlear - down and inward eye movement Trigeminal - Mastification and sensation of face, scalp, cornea Abducens - Lateral eye movement Facial - facial muscles, closing eyes and mouth, speech, taste of anterior 2/3 of tongue, saliva, and tear secretion Vestibulocochlear - hearing and equilibrium Glossopharyngeal - phonation, swallowing, gag reflex, taste Vagus - Talking, swallowing, sensation from carotid body, carotid sinus, carotid reflex, Accessory - movement of trapezius and sternomastoid muscles Hypoglossal - movement of tongue Describe the Glasgow Coma scale A standardized, objective assessment that defines the level of consciousness by giving it a numeric value
Understand modifiable and non modifiable risk factors Non Modifiable Risk Factors those that are out of your control, such as age, genetics, gender & race. Modifiable - are things that you are able to change to lower your risks (ex diet & exercise) Describe Clubbing of Nails & Profile Sign Clubbing of nails occurs with congenital cyanotic heart disease, lung cancer, pulmonary diseases. In early clubbing the angle straightens out to 180 degrees and the nail base feels spongy to palpation. Then the nail becomes convex as the digit grows Profile signs - View the index finger at its profile and note the angle of the nail base; it should be about 160 degrees. The nail base is firm to palpation. Curved nails are a variation of normal with convex profile. They may look like clubbed nails but notice that the angle between nail base and nail is normal Describe Lymphedema The accumulation of protein rich fluid in the interstitial spaces of the arm following breast surgery or treatment. It results from axillary lymph node removal, radiation therapy, fibrosis, or inflammation Describe Vertigo the rotational spinning caused by neurologic disease in the vestibular apparatus in the ear or the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem
Describe Syncope sudden loss of strength, a temporary loss of consciousness caused by a lack of cerebral blood flow Describe Dizziness includes a light headed swimming sensation or feeling of faint or falling caused by decreased blood flow to brain or heart irregularity causing decreased cardiac output Compare and Contrast normal versus abnormal vital sign data - Respirations Normal 12-20 breaths per minute Less than 12 Bradypnea More than 20 tachypnea Compare and contrast normal versus abnormal vital sign data - Temperature Oral - 97.6 - 99.6F Rectal - 98.6F - 100.6F Axillary - 96F - 98.6F Temporal - 97.6 - 99.6F Tympanic - 96 - 99.6F
