Download Ophthalmological and Medical Emergencies: Exam Questions and Answers and more Exams Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity!
D115- Advanced Pathophysiology 2024
Fall Exam questions and answers
Herpes Keratitis - Answer>>-acute onset of severe eye pain, photophobia, and blurred vision in one eye; diagnosed by using fluorescein dye - will appear like fernlike lines on the corneal surface -infection permanently damages corneal epithelium (may result in blindness) -refer to ED or ophthalmologist STAT; avoid steroid ophthalmic drops 2 types of herpes virus that can infect the eyes - Answer>>1. Herpes Simplex = Herpes simplex keratitis
- Herpes Varicella Zoster/Shingles = Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus Ophthalmological emergency - Answer>>Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma - Answer>>-acute onset of severe eye pain accompanied by headache, N/V, halos around lights, and decreased vision -mid-dilated pupil that is oval shaped -cloudy cornea -fundoscopic examination reveals cupping of the optic nerve -Refer to ED -TRUE OPHTHALMOLOGICAL EMERGENCY -increases ICP Multiple Sclerosis (optic neuritis) - Answer>>-new or intermittent loss of vision in one eye alone or accompanied by nystagmus or other abnormal eye movements
- aphasia, abnormal gait, spasticity, paresthesia -daily fatigue that worsens throughout the day
-heat worsens symptoms -has recurrent episodes -refer to neurologist Orbital Cellulitis - Answer>>-acute onset of erythematous swollen eyelid with bulging of the eyeball and eye pain in affected eye -abnormal extraocular movement exam with pain on eye movement -look for hx of recent rhinosinusitis or URI -caused by acute bacterial infection of the orbital contents -more common in young children -SERIOUS COMPLICATION -Refer to ED Retinal Detachment - Answer>>-sudden onset of a shower of floaters associated with "looking through a curtain" sensation with sudden flashes of light -refer to ED Cholesteatoma - Answer>>-cauliflower like growth in the middle ear. Pt c/o foul smelling discharge and hearing loss. -hx of chronic otitis media infection -NO tympanic membrane or ossicles are visible on examination because of destruction by tumor -tumor is not cancerous but it can erode into the bones of the face & damage the facial nerve (CN VII) -treated with antibiotics and surgical debridement -refer to otolaryngologist Battle Sign - Answer>>-Raccoon eyes -periorbital ecchymosis
soft palate (velum) - Answer>>The muscular tissue in the posterior one-third of the roof of the mouth that separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity when raised and in contact with the posterior pharyngeal wall hard palate - Answer>>bony anterior (front) portion of the palate cobblestoning - Answer>>a lumpy appearance of the pharynx Weber test - Answer>>Test done by placing the stem of a vibrating tuning fork on the midline of the head and having the patient indicate in which ear the tone can be heard. Rinne test - Answer>>hearing test using a tuning fork; checks for differences in bone conduction and air conduction Snellen test - Answer>>Test visual Acuity. Pt stands 20 ft reads letters. Ishihara test - Answer>>test for color blindness allergic rhinitis - Answer>>an allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes an increased flow of mucus rhinitis medicamentosa - Answer>>reflex reaction to vasoconstriction caused by decongestants; a rebound vasodilation that often leads to prolonged overuse of decongestants; also called rebound congestion myopia - Answer>>nearsightedness hyperopia - Answer>>farsightedness
leukoplakia - Answer>>thickened, white, leathery-looking spots on the inside of the mouth that can develop into oral cancer cerumen - Answer>>ear wax Centor Criteria - Answer>>Used to ID streptococcal pharyngitis, need 3/4:
- fever,
- tonsillar exudate,
- tender anterior cervical LAD,
- lack of cough Periorbital ecchymosis - Answer>>Bruising around the eyes, indicative of trauma raccoon eyes presbyopia - Answer>>impairment of vision as a result of old age Proptosis - Answer>>forward protrusion of the eye Glaucoma - Answer>>increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision papilledema - Answer>>stasis of blood flow out of the ocular fundus; sign of increased intracranial pressure palpebral conjunctiva - Answer>>membrane that lines underside of eyelids retinopathy - Answer>>degenerative disease of the retina
Erythropoiesis - Answer>>production of red blood cells Hemostasis - Answer>>stoppage of bleeding Anemia - Answer>>A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume. Leukocytosis - Answer>>Abnormally high WBC count Leukopenia - Answer>>Abnormally low white blood cell count lymphoma - Answer>>a general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues splenomegaly - Answer>>enlargement of the spleen hypersplenism - Answer>>condition in which the spleen removes blood components at an excessive rate puberty - Answer>>Developmental stage at which a person becomes capable of reproduction. Gonadarche - Answer>>maturation of testes or ovaries adrenarche - Answer>>maturing of the adrenal glands menarche - Answer>>onset of menstruation menopause - Answer>>cessation of menstruation for 1 year
amenorrhea - Answer>>absence or suppression of menstruation dysmenorrhea - Answer>>painful menstruation typically involving menstrual cramps Spermatogenesis - Answer>>the production of sperm cells Myoglobin - Answer>>An oxygen-storing, pigmented protein in muscle cells. aneurysm - Answer>>a localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) - Answer>>Heart ventricles secrete BNP hormone in response to volume expansion and pressure overload. Cardiac Output (CO) - Answer>>Amount of blood pumped in 1 minute (~5 L) Cardiac Index (CI) - Answer>>a measure of the cardiac output of a patient per square meter of body surface area. Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI) - Answer>>a condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or leakage of venous valves coronary artery disease - Answer>>atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle deep vein thrombosis (DVT) - Answer>>A blood clot in a deep vein, most often an extremity ejection fraction - Answer>>measurement of the volume percentage of left ventricular contents ejected with each contraction
cardiovascular disease risk factors - Answer>>african american, hypertension, stroke, diabetes, overweight/obesity, high cholesterol, smoking, alcohol, stress, poor diet, family history conduction system of the heart - Answer>>SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers Anemia is defined as - Answer>>**A reduction in the total circulating red cell mass or a decrease in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin. Polycythemias are excessive levels or volumes of RBCs. Anemia can result from - Answer>>blood loss, impaired erythrocyte production, increased erythrocyte destruction, and a combination of these factors. Clinical manifestations of anemia may be demonstrated in all organs and tissues (tissue hypoxia) throughout the body. Decreased oxygen delivery to tissues causes - Answer>>fatigue **dyspnea **syncope **angina **compensatory tachycardia organ dysfunction. Posthemorrhagic anemia is - Answer>>A normocytic-normochromic anemia caused by acute blood loss. A major cause of acute blood loss is trauma, a rising global problem. Anemia from chronic blood loss occurs if - Answer>>The loss is greater than the replacement capacity of the bone marrow. **If iron stores are depleted, iron deficiency anemia can occur.
Macrocytic (megaloblastic) anemias are characterized by - Answer>>**larger than normal erythroid precursors (megaloblasts) in the bone marrow that mature into large erythrocytes. they most commonly are caused by deficiency of vitamin B12 or folate. PA results from - Answer>>Inadequate vitamin B12 absorption because autoimmune gastritis impairs the production of IF, which is required for vitamin B12 uptake from the gut. Responds to replacement therapy. Folate deficiency anemia is caused by - Answer>>Inadequate dietary intake of folate Responds to replacement therapy Pernicious anemia manifestation - Answer>>red beefy tongue Polycythemia vera is a - Answer>>Myeloproliferative disorder characterized by excessive proliferation of erythrocyte precursors, frequently with increased levels of white blood cells and platelets, in the bone marrow and splenomegaly. **Signs and symptoms result directly from increased blood volume and viscosity and a predisposition to thrombosis.
