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CSTR Study Guide: Questions and Answers on Anatomy, Physiology, and Trauma, Exams of Nursing

North Orange County Community College DistrictNursing

This study guide provides a comprehensive overview of anatomy, physiology, and trauma related to the cstr (cardiothoracic and surgical trauma) field. It covers key anatomical structures, physiological functions, and common injuries in various body regions, including the head, neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis. The guide includes detailed descriptions of bones, muscles, organs, and vascular structures, along with explanations of injury mechanisms, diagnostic procedures, and treatment options. It also features a series of questions and answers to reinforce learning and assess understanding.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 02/23/2025

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CSTR STUDY GUIDE Questions and Answers
(Verified)
1. AIS Components for ISS Scaling-Body Region: 1. Head/Neck
2. Face
3. Chest
4. Abdominal/Pelvic Contents
5. Extremities/Pelvic Girdle Severe
6. External- Skin and Burns
2. The adult skeletal system
: 206 bones
3. Skull base fractures
: orbital roof, ethmoid, basilar process of occipital bone, petrous and
squamous process of temporal bone (mastoid or petrous)
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Download CSTR Study Guide: Questions and Answers on Anatomy, Physiology, and Trauma and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

CSTR STUDY GUIDE Questions and Answers

(Verified)

  1. AIS Components for ISS Scaling-Body Region: 1. Head/Neck
  2. Face
  3. Chest
  4. Abdominal/Pelvic Contents
  5. Extremities/Pelvic Girdle Severe
  6. External- Skin and Burns
  7. The adult skeletal system : 206 bones
  8. Skull base fractures : orbital roof, ethmoid, basilar process of occipital bone, petrous and squamous process of temporal bone (mastoid or petrous)
  1. Skull Vault fractures : frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal bones (specifies squamous)
  2. Brain Hematomas : EPH, SAH, SDH, IPH, ICH
  3. uncal herniation, transtentorial : (cerebellum) - code ICD-10 - cord contusion = AIS code of 140202.5 = 5 squared = 25 ISS score.
  4. Meninges : three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater
  5. Intracranial Injuries-Focal injuries

: deep lacerations, deformity, difficulty speaking, visual changes, entrapment of muscles, rhinorrhea, otorrhea, trismus

  1. Facial Diagnostics and Procedures : CT scan, MRI scan, X rays, ORIF, Enucleation or removal of the eyeball.
  2. Neck Injury Indicators : • Bleeding
  • Stridor
  • Difficulty Breathing
  • Bruising to the Neck
  • Deviated Trachea
  • Subcutaneous emphysema
  • Zones of the Neck:
  1. Angle of the mandible to base of the skull 2. Cricothyroid Cartilage
  2. Neck Trauma procedures: • Cricothyroidotomy - needle through a catheter
  • Tracheostomy - done when a patient is stabilized
  • Neck Exploration
  • Intubation
  1. Vertebral Column Dislocation: • Ligamentous injuries - ligaments' purpose is to keep spine aligned.
  • Dislocations - unilateral facet, bilateral facet
  • Subluxation- partial dislocation Vertebral Column Fractures -
  • Simple
  • % compression or wedge
  • Comminuted or burst - broken into pieces
  • Tear drop Spinal Cord Injuries -
  1. coccyx: • 3-5 very small fused bones
  • Tail bone
  1. Thoracic Bone Structures: • Spinal column
  • Ribs
  • Clavicles
  • Scapulae - if this bone is fractured, be suspicious for lung contusion.
  • Sternum
  • Xiphoid process - tip of the sternum
  1. Rib fracture documentation: very important to know the number of ribs fractured on each side. Segmental - flail
  2. Thoracic Muscular Structures: Diaphragm - muscle separating the chest and its contents from abdomen and its contents Intercostal - assists in breathing
  3. Thoracic Organs: lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus glands
  4. Thoracic Injury Descriptors: • Shortness of breath
  • Cyanotic- bluish
  • Deviated Trachea
  • Subcutaneous Emphysema
  • Abdominal Breathing
  • Paradoxical Movement - also known as flail chest, the ribs seem to be

floating or moving.

  • Pale and clammy
  1. Thoracic Trauma diagnostics: • FAST exam
  • Pericardiocentesis
  • CT scan
  • Ct angiography - uses dyes
  • Aortography
  • Needle Thoracentesis
  1. Thoracic Trauma Procedures: chest tube/thoracostomy thoracotomy cardiac massage defibrillation pericardial window median sternotomy cross- clamp aorta
  1. Rib Fractures-Flail Chest: be careful when looking at the medical record as segmental indicates detachment a life-threatening medical condition that occurs when a segment of the rib cage breaks due to trauma and becomes detached from the rest of the chest wall
  2. cardiac tamponade: pressure on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space
  3. Aortic rupture: Dx in which the arterial wall breaks open as could happen in aortic dissection, ruptured aortic aneurysm trauma,aortography is used to detect this
  4. Tension Pneumothorax: a life threatening blunt injury
  • Severe respiratory distress
  • Hypotension
  • Distended neck veins - cannot return blood back to the heart.
  • Tracheal deviation
  • Cyanosis - late sign
  1. ABDOMEN AND PELVIS Bones: • Lumbar Spine
  • Pelvic Bones
  1. Abdominal Muscle Structures: • Rectus Abdominis
  • External Oblique
  • Internal Oblique
  • Transverse Abdominis
  1. Abdominal Organs-Solid Viscus:: More susceptible to fracture Liver Spleen Pancreas Kidneys
  2. Abdominal Organs-Hollow Viscus: More susceptible to rupture Stomach Small Bowel Large Bowel Bladder
  3. Abdominal Organ Structures: • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small Bowel - Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
  • Biliary Tree - Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, bile Ducts
  • Spleen - heavily vascularized, can fracture or rupture
  1. Abdominal Quadrants-LLQ: Intestines
  2. Abdominal Vascular Structures: • Aorta- descending
  • Mesentery Arteries - Superior and Inferior - help feed the GI contents.
  • Renal Arteries
  • Iliac Arteries - external and internal
  • Vena Cava - iliac, renal, hepatic
  • Portal System - Mesenteric, Splenic.
  1. Abdominal Trauma Mechanisms of Injury: • MCC
  • MVC
  • GSW
  • Stab Wounds
  • Falls
  • Assaults
  • Sports
  • Seat Belts
  • Equestrian
  • Pedestrian hit by MV
  • Machinery
  1. Abdominal Injury Indicators: • Distended Abdomen
  • Rigidity
  • Guarding
  • Rebound
  • Short of Breath
  • Bruising
  • Seatbelt Sign
  • Quadrant pain
  • Dehiscence
  • Evisceration - bowel is exposed to the outside world.
  • Umbilical Bruising
  • Tenderness
  • Absence of Bowel Sounds
  • Nausea/Vomiting
  1. Abdominal trauma Diagnostics & Procedures: • FAST exam
  • Ct Scan
  • X Ray
  • Diagnostic Peritoneal Lavage (DPL) - to rule out intra-abdominal bleeding using a needle.
  • Foley Catheter
  • Ischium
  • Pubis
  • Acetabulum
  • Symphysis Pubis
  • Sacroiliac Joint
  1. Upper Extremity Bones: • Humerus
  • Radius/Ulna
  • Carpals/Metacarpals/ Phalanges
  1. Upper Extremity Joints: • Sternoclavicular
  • Acromioclavicular
  • Glenohumeral
  • Elbow
  • Wrist
  • Hand
  1. Upper Extremity Arteries: • Subclavian
  • Axillary
  • Brachial
  • Radial
  • Ulna
  1. Upper Extremity Nerves: • Brachial Plexus
  • Median
  • Radial
  • Ulnar
  1. Lower Extremity Bones: • Femur
  • Patella
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Calcaneus
  • Talus/Navicular
  • Cuneiform/Cuboid
  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges
  1. Lower Extremity Arteries: • External Iliac
  • Femoral
  • Popliteal
  • Dorsallis Pedis
  • Posterior Tibial
  1. Extremity/Bony Pelvis Trauma Diagnostics and Procedures: • X-Rays
  • CT scans
  • Angiography
  • Relocation
  • Closed and open reductions with or without internal or external fixations
  • Fasciotomy
  • Splinting
  • Casting
  1. Extremity/Bony Pelvis Injuries: • Fractures
  • Dislocations
  • Amputations
  1. Fracture Documentation: • Closed versus open fracture
  • Internal fixation
  • External fixator - uniplanar, monoplanar- ring
  1. How will you know in the documentation which fractures are open ANS • Compound
  • Infected
  • Missile
  • Puncture
  • Foreign Body
  1. How will you know in the documentation which fractures are closed ANS • Comminuted
  • Depressed
  • Impacted
  • Simple
  • Spiral
  • Elevated
  • Green-stick
  • Slipped Epiphysis
  1. Skin and Soft Tissue Anatomy: • Skin- epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue
  • Muscle
  • Tendon
  1. External Trauma Mechanisms of Injury: • Burns
  • Stabbings
  • Falls
  • Most any other type of event