Download CSMLS MLA Study Set With Complete Questions And Answers Graded A+ and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
CSMLS MLA Study Set With Complete
Questions And Answers Graded A+ Latest
What 3 types of information is in HIA? - correct answer.Diagnostic, treatment and care information
- Person's physical and mental health
- Treatment they are having or have received
- Drug or health care aids
- Health care benefits paid or provided Health services Provider information
- information on health authorities Used in workforce planning, determining if a provider's right to practice has been cancelled or suspended Registered Information
- Demographic information
- Address
- Citizenship What are the 3 main branches of Health Canada? - correct answer.Health programs and services
- health insurance
- research program
- health services, promotion and fitness Medical services Health Protection Branch protects against:
- Unsafe food/drugs/cosmetics
- Medical and radiation emitting devices
- Pollutants and contaminants What are the benefits of avoiding? - correct answer.Reducing Stress
- Avoiding demanding or unpleasant people or topics Saving Time
- Not wasting time and energy on low prioritization issues
Steering clear of danger
- Not stirring up the hornets nest Setting up more favourable condition
- Gaining time to be better prepared How is a pathology specimen container labelled? - correct answer.Full Name PHN Type of specimen and exact location Relevant clinical history Collection date and time How do you label a cassette? - correct answer.surgical/autopsy year case number block number What major requirements should be in the patient's requisition? - correct answer.Full name PHN Type of specimen and exact body site Relevant clinical history Devitalization and fixation time Collection date and time What information does the pathologist need to describe in grossing? - correct answer.Colour Consistency Texture Dimensions Shape Weight An obvious pathological features What is Protocol A when cleaning an instrument? - correct answer.Most severe protocol Recommended for extremely high risk tissues Soak instrument in commercial lab detergent containing a phenolic disinfectant (Sanikleen) Container and instrument are steam sterilized in an autoclave prior to washing with soap and water. What are the 4 stages of teamwork? - correct answer.forming storming
How is Formalin disposed of? - correct answer.neutralized and poured down the sink with running water What precautions must be used for 10% NBF? - correct answer.wear gloves and safety glasses use fume hood spill kit neutralize it before disposing What is the procedure for inking a gross specimen? - correct answer.1. Dry specimen
- Apply
- Blot off excess
- Place in Bouin's fluid or 4% acetic acid to set
- Dry before cutting True or False: Fixating the specimen does not change the colour of the tissue - correct answer.false What does tolerant mean? - correct answer.minor, acceptable changes and making sure that the specimen does not change its structure True or False: We flag specimens that are known to be from a patient with Hep, TB, or AIDS - correct answer.false What is Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease (CJD)? - correct answer.Rare highly contagious neurodegenerative disease. NO CURE The disease that old people can get (because it takes a long time to manifest) by eating brain or nerve tissue from bad beef (beef that has bovine spongiform encephalopathy) True or False: The minimum time you should fixed a tissue with CJD is one week - correct answer.true What is dehydration? - correct answer.The removal of water from tissues using alcohol baths of increasing concentration (from 70 to 100%)
True or False: The term 'Dehydration' is included in the processing stage - correct answer.true True or False: Xylene is a complete intolerant substance. It will distort and shrink the tissue if excess time - correct answer.true What is clearing in histotechnology? - correct answer.The removal of alcohol by introducing xylene remove alcohol and introduce the solvent of the wax and allows it to become miscible True or False: Xylene requires storage in a flammable cupboard - correct answer.true What is infiltration? - correct answer.Process by which molten paraffin wax infiltrates and permeates the cells and tissue spaces causing the wax to support the tissue once it cools and solidifies. What factors affect infiltration of wax? - correct answer.Size and type of tissue Clearing agent used Use of vacuum infiltration Use of pressure True or False: Heat, vacuum & pressure all help to increase processing time by helping the alcohols, xylene paraffin to penetrate the tissue faster - correct answer.false What would the Cleaning Cycle look like in maintenance? - correct answer.Retort is heated to 65 degrees to allow wax to drain into the last wax bucket Cleaning xylene is pumped into and out of the retort 9 ties Multiple rinses of clean 100% alcohol are pumped in and out of the retort True or False: In the processor, the paraffin temperature is kept close to its melting point - correct answer.true What is Deparaffinization? - correct answer.To remove the paraffin by using Xylene 2x 1 - 3 minutes (2 changes to reduce contamination) Critical step What is Hydration? - correct answer."Bringing sections to water" Wash in 100% ethanol to remove xylene Then was in decreasing alcohol concentrations - 100% to 95% then 70%
What is 80% alcohol used for? - correct answer.removes excess eosin and creates shading used during differentiation What is the criteria of a good mountant? - correct answer.Transparent and colourless Flow easily, releasing bubbles Resist bacterial and fungal growth Should NOT dissolve tissue or fade staining or shrink from the edges of the coverslip Should dry to solid state fair quickly RI close to glass and tissue What is Mounting? - correct answer.To produce a permanent, stable tissue slide - coverslips Natural or synthetic Hydrophobic - soluble with xylene "scared of water") Hydrophilic (water based) are used for fat stains (fat would dissolve in xylene) What is the criteria of a good fixative? - correct answer.Penetrate cells quickly Inactivate Intracellular enzymes (preventing analysis) Serves as a bacterial agent Compatible with subsequent staining methods What are Air-Dried Specimens? - correct answer.cells appear swollen, pale and lack structural detail To avoid the "drying artifact" we quickly place the specimen in an alcohol fixative What are "bloody" specimens? - correct answer.Specimen that contains large amount of blood, a specula fixative can be used which will fix the diagnostic cells and lyse the RBCs Add 1 drop of acetic acid to 95% ethanol - carney's fluid What is eosin? - correct answer.Acid dye
Negative charge Stains cytoplasm element pink What is Immunohisochemistry Stains? - correct answer.Use antigen-antibod reactions to demonstrate specific tissue components What does Cytospray contain? - correct answer.95% alcohol and 2% carbowax When is it necessary to use a collection fixative? - correct answer.if >72 hours transport, 50% ethanol may be added Lower [alcohol] serves as a preservative and a pre-fixative without excessive hardening of cell protein True or False: Fresh unfixed specimens are preferred and should be transferred directly to the laboratory - correct answer.true True or False: Sputum should NOT be collected directly into a sterile container - fresh and unfixed - correct answer.false What are Gynecological Specimens? - correct answer.Liquid-based cytology (old method Pap smears) Collected and prepared by the doctor and arrive at the lab in a vial of liquid What is Non-Gynecological Specimens? - correct answer.Exfoliated cells collected from many areas of the body Smears, scrapings, brushing, sputum, fluid specimens, fine needle aspiration biopsy How are Gynecological Pap smears collected? - correct answer.By using a brush or spatula, smears on a slide and fixed Frosted end of the slide must be labelled using a pencil What do Non-Gnecological Sputum Specimens contain? - correct answer.much, cellular and non cellular material Collect in small wide-mouth jar Should be refrigerated if not immediately transported to lab True or False: Urine specimens for Cytological examination should NOT be a first morning catch - correct answer.true
Sharpens nuclear detail and produces characteristic chromatic patterns Standard fixative What is Cell Blocks in Cytopreparation? - correct answer.Paraffin embedding of all cell aggregates Left over cytologic specimen is further concentrated and wrapped in gauze or lens paper and then placed in a cassette What is Cell Block Prep for sputum and other thick specimens in Cytopreparation? - correct answer.Solution (Bouin's fixative) is added to the remainder of the specimen Filtered through funnel lined with tissue paper Tissue paper is butcher wrapped tightly around the specimen and placed in a cassette Cassette is placed in formalin and processed What is Cell Block Prep for Centrifuged specimen with particulate sediments in Cytopreparation? - correct answer.Remaining sediment is resuspended in an equal volume of 10% NBF and recentrifuged Pour off supernatant A small amount of warm Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA) is added to the sediment and gently mix Allow mixture to harden Button is placed into a tissue cassette Cassette is placed in formalin and processed What is Thrombin/Plasma Cell Block Method in Cytopreparation? - correct answer.Pout 10 mL of specimen into labelled tube Centrifuge tube for 10 min at 2000 rpm Add equal drops Thrombin and plasma to tube Mix gently (do not create aerosols) Allow to sit for 1-2 minute until a soft ball forms Cut into 2-3 pieces and place each piece into its own cassette
Places the cassette into formalin What is the most common Cytology Stain? - correct answer.Papanicolaou Stain (Pap Stain) What are the 3 main objective to the Pap Stain? - correct answer.1. Crisp Nuclear Staining
- Cytologic diagnosis is based on the evaluation and analysis of nuclear detail within cells
- Differential Cytoplasmic Counterstaining
- Serves as a sharp colour contrast to the nuclear stain
- Cyoplasmic Transparency
- Allows visualization and evaluation of nuclear detail
- Maintained b using counterstains with a high alcohol concentrations What is the Pap Stain Procedure? - correct answer.1. Remove coming fixative
- Soak all slides with 95% ethanol in 15 to 20 min
- Hydration
- Slides are placed through decreasing [alcohol]
- Nuclear staining
- Hematoxylin (Progressive or Regressive)
- Bluing
- pH is raised by placing in an alkaline solution (ammonia water) = blue-purple slide
- Dehydration
- Slides are placed through increasing [alcohol]
- Cytoplasmic staining
- Dehydrations, clearing and mounting
- Rinse slides in 3 changes of 95% alcohol
- 2 changes of 100% to ensure water is completely removed
- Slides are cleared in xylene 3 times
- Mounted using Entellan What are the two Cytoplasmic stains used in a Pap stain? - correct answer.Orange G and Eosin Azure - both are negative charge dyes
Prevents osmotic cell swelling (cells in hypotonic solution) and cell shrinkage (cells in hypertonic solution) What is the purpose of fixation? - correct answer.Prevent putrefaction and autolysis Allows tissue to become firmer so its easier to cut What is putrefaction? - correct answer.Bacterial decomposition Often gas production - > liquefaction Gross decay done by bacteria The smell, gas production eventually will turn into a liquid after a long time What is autolysis? - correct answer.Self digestion cause by the action of intracellular enzymes Causes breakdown of protein and eventual cell liquefaction What is 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin (NBF)? - correct answer.Most common fixative Imparts a firm consistency to tissue Tolerant (minor negative changes to tissue) Buffered to a pH 7.0 to 7.2 at room temperature Fixation time is ~8 hours Made up of:
- Formalin
- Lab graded water (diluent)
- Acid sodium phosphate monohydrate
- Anhydrous disodium phosphate (buffer) What are the requirements for bacteria? - correct answer.Temperature, Atmosphere, Nutrients, pH and Moisture True or False: Bouin's fluid has Picric acid present. If it left in a dry state it could explode
- correct answer.true True or False: Most human pathogens grow best at near bod temperature (35 to 37ºC) except MRSA and Campylobacter sp. - correct answer.true What temperature does MRSA grow best in? - correct answer.35ºC
What temperature does Campylobacter sp. grow best in? - correct answer.42ºC What is aerobes? - correct answer.requires oxygen for growth What do Incubators do for bacterial growth? - correct answer.Allows them grow in their optimal conditions in a controlled environment What is Anaerobes? - correct answer.grows only in the absence of oxygen What is facultative anaerobes? - correct answer.Can grow in the presence and absence of oxygen What is Capnophilic? - correct answer.requires increased CO2 levels 3 to 10% CO Provided in a CO2 incubator, candle jar or in a plastic bag that generates increased CO What is microaerophilic? - correct answer.Grows best when oxygen level is slightly lower than ambient air How do you do QC for an Anaerobic jar? - correct answer.Indicator strips Blue in oxygen White in no oxygen True or False: Organic growth factors are required by fastidious bacteria - correct answer.true Smallest to Biggest Organism: - correct answer.Viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites True or False: Bacteria grows best at a pH of 7.0 to 7.5 - correct answer.true What does Moisture do for Bacterial Growth? - correct answer.Vegetative bacteria needs this to live Clinical specimens must be kept from drying out What are the two most common forms of culture media? - correct answer.Liquid/broth in tubes Solid in plates and tubes
True or False: Non-fermenters (proteus sp.) on a MAC plate are colourless or transparent - correct answer.true What is the QA for agar plates? - correct answer.Surface should be:
- Free of excess moisture
- Not dehydrated
- Discoloured
- Free from growth
- "in date"
- Correct volume (20 mL) What is MAC? - correct answer.selective and differential neutral red crystal violet suppress (kills) gram positive growth organism but permits the growth of gram negative What is Chromagar? - correct answer.Differential and selective attached to a substrate incubated in the dark MRSA screen Chromogen allows the substance to colour change When preparing a bacterial suspension for sensitivity testing, what standard do we compare them to? - correct answer.McFarland What is the QA for liquid media/tube media? - correct answer.Proper volume Free from growth (sterile) Correct Colour What is an aseptic technique? - correct answer.prevent contamination of the environment with organism from the specimen prevent contamination of specimen, media and equipment b organisms from the environment How do you check for QC? - correct answer.MAC plate is used E.coli gram negative (grow) - lactose fermenter (pink) Proteus st. gram negative (grow) - non lactose fermenter (colourless or transparent)
Staph epi gram positive (no growth) Put them in order: TM CO2 (selective to Neisseria) CAP CO MAC O BAP CO Sterilized slide Direct smear THIO - correct answer.DS BAP CAP MAC TM THIO Where can specimen be collected from? - correct answer.1. Directly from a sterile site
- blood, CSF, bone marrow, catheter (for urine collections
- Indirectly from a sterile site
- normal urine collection, sputum
- From a site that has normal flora
- most common specimen types (throat, ear swabs, etc.) What is immunocompromised? - correct answer.Having an impaired immune system Patient who have had chemotherapy, HIV, Hep., and/or are transplant patients What patient would NOT be considered immunocompromised? - correct answer.STI/STD What is Amies Transport Media? - correct answer.Plain transport medium for clinical specimens Moisture prevents desiccation Buffers to maintain pH Chloride salts to maintain osmotic pressure What are the 3 P's of Transport? - correct answer.Preserve organisms from the time they are collected until they are planted Protect the enviroment from pathogens on the swab and make sure people are not infected
Why can't certain specimens not be refrigerated? - correct answer.temperature may kill pathogens in the specimen What can you use to preserve Urine in Microbiology? - correct answer.Boric acid - grey top tube Comes with a transfer unit Where is the Staph streak located? - correct answer.Quadrant 3, 2, 1 What can you use to preserve Stool for Ova and Parasite in Microbiology? - correct answer.Sodium acetate-aceic acid-formaldehyde (SAF) What can you use to preserve Anticoagulants in Microbiology? - correct answer.Sodium Polyanehole Sulfonate (SPS) - blood cultures Heparin - viral cultures True or False: If fastidious bacteria are suspected in a specimen, we always refrigerate the specimen - correct answer.false True or False: Charcoal transport swabs are used for cervical swabs for Neisseria gonnorhoeae - correct answer.true True or False: We would refrigerate a CSF specimen if it cannot be processed immediately - correct answer.false What is Gram Positive Bacteria? - correct answer.Thick peptidoglycan layer purple cocci in clusters (Staph aureus and Staph. epi) What shapes can bacteria be in? - correct answer.Cocci, Bacilli, Coccobacilli, Spiral What are direct smears not made on? - correct answer.Throat swabs Fecal samples Nasal Sputum from Cystic Fibrosis patients What is Gram Negative Bacteria? - correct answer.Thin peptidoglycan layer Passes an outer membrane full of lipopolysaccharides and some proteins pink bacilli (e.coli) How do you do Gram Stains? - correct answer.1. Fixed with Methanol
- Flood with Crystal Violet - 1 min (bacteria is purple)
- Rinse with water
- Flood with Grams Iodine (Mordant) - 1 min (no colour change)
- Rinse with water
- Decolorize - 5 seconds
- Rinse with water
- Flood with Safranin - 1 minute (Counterstains bacteria)
- Rinse with water and air dry on wooden block What happened: QC shows a purple cocci and bacilli. - correct answer.Underdecolorized What happened: Neutrophils are not pink - correct answer.Underdecolorized What could be a reason for underdecolorizing a gram stain? - correct answer.Smear is too thick causing peeling and/or flaking What happened: Gram positive looks like gram negative - correct answer.Overdecolorized What are special stains needed for? - correct answer.Endospores Capsules Fungi M. Tuberculosis (acid fast ZN stain) What is a Q-Score? - correct answer.quality of the sputum determine sputum specimen acceptability gram stained direct smear of sputum What is a N-Score? - correct answer.Gram stained direct smear of vaginal swab Used to diagnose bacterial vaginosis What type of infection is Thrush? - correct answer.yeast What item indicates a lower quality specimen based on a Q-Score? - correct answer.epithelial cells
