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The concepts of Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) and Output Feedback (OFB) modes in cryptography. CBC is a method of linking together encryption operations, where each plaintext block is chained with the previous ciphertext block. OFB, on the other hand, treats the message as a stream of bits and adds the output of the cipher to the message, which is then fed back as input. Both modes have their advantages and limitations, such as the need for an Initial Vector (IV) in CBC and the vulnerability to message stream modification in OFB.
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Figure 8.7 Output feedback (OFB) mode as a stream cipher
Figure 8.8 Encryption in counter (CTR) mode
Figure 8.9 Counter (CTR) mode as a stream cipher