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Comparing Policing Styles: Evolution of English and American Law Enforcement, Quizzes of Criminal Justice

The historical development and key features of policing in England and the United States. Topics include the Frankpledge system, the role of constables, the influence of Sir Robert Peel, and the impact of community standards. Additionally, the document discusses the introduction of police professionalism and the impact of federal law enforcement agencies on modern policing.

What you will learn

  • What role did community standards play in the development of American policing?
  • How did the introduction of police professionalism impact law enforcement in the United States?
  • How did the Frankpledge system influence early English policing?

Typology: Quizzes

2021/2022

Uploaded on 11/02/2022

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1.) Even though we all realize the necessity of being policed, many of us still
harbor some resentment at being controlled.
2.) Although we commonly think of policing as a stable institution, police are
actually subject to what?
Rapid social and constant challenges
3.) Define the following terms
a.) Frankpledge system: An early form of English government that
divided communities into groups of 10 men who were responsible
for the group's conduct and ensured that a member charged with
breaking the law appeared in court.
b.) Constable-The head of law enforcement for large districts in early
England. In the modern United States, a constable serves areas
such as rural townships and is usually elected.
c.) Watch-and-ward system-An early English system overseen by the
constable in which a watchman guarded a city's or town's gates at
night.
d.) Hue and cry-In early England, the alarm that citizens were
required to raise upon the witness or discovery of a criminal
offense.
e.) Metropolitan police act :
4.) London, the bobbi The English tradition of law enforcement influenced
three enduring features professionalism of American policing
1. Limited police authority. As opposed to other European countries, the Anglo-
American tradition of policing emphasizes individual rights
2. Local control. Law enforcement agencies are, for the most part, local, city, or
We do have many state and federal law enforcement agencies, but they are
county institutions. The United States does not have a national police force.
control is highly centralized within the government. not like the national police
forces found in many parts of the world where
3. Fragmented system. The United States has more than 18,000 separate law
enforcement agencies, ranging from federal (FBI, Secret Service) to state
(highway patrol) to local (city police, county sheriff). These agencies are loosely
coordinated, and the state and local agencies have little federal oversight
5.) Early Policing in the United States Many differences between the United
States and England affected the development of their respective policing styles.
One was the lack of a single, coherent philosophy. Whereas the English police
were unified under the vision of Sir Robert Peel, local police in the United
States formed their own policies and procedures.
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1.) Even though we all realize the necessity of being policed, many of us still harbor some resentment at being controlled. 2.) Although we commonly think of policing as a stable institution, police are actually subject to what? Rapid social and constant challenges 3.) Define the following terms a.) Frankpledge system: An early form of English government that divided communities into groups of 10 men who were responsible for the group's conduct and ensured that a member charged with breaking the law appeared in court. b.) Constable-The head of law enforcement for large districts in early England. In the modern United States, a constable serves areas such as rural townships and is usually elected. c.) Watch-and-ward system-An early English system overseen by the constable in which a watchman guarded a city's or town's gates at night. d.) Hue and cry-In early England, the alarm that citizens were required to raise upon the witness or discovery of a criminal offense. e.) Metropolitan police act : 4.) London, the bobbi The English tradition of law enforcement influenced three enduring features professionalism of American policing

  1. Limited police authority. As opposed to other European countries, the Anglo- American tradition of policing emphasizes individual rights
  2. Local control. Law enforcement agencies are, for the most part, local, city, or We do have many state and federal law enforcement agencies, but they are county institutions. The United States does not have a national police force. control is highly centralized within the government. not like the national police forces found in many parts of the world where
  3. Fragmented system. The United States has more than 18,000 separate law enforcement agencies, ranging from federal (FBI, Secret Service) to state (highway patrol) to local (city police, county sheriff). These agencies are loosely coordinated, and the state and local agencies have little federal oversight 5.) Early Policing in the United States Many differences between the United States and England affected the development of their respective policing styles. One was the lack of a single, coherent philosophy. Whereas the English police were unified under the vision of Sir Robert Peel, local police in the United States formed their own policies and procedures.

A second factor was the large and ever-expanding political geography of the United States. As stakes were claimed and territories formed, government and law enforcement followed slowly. This led to the phenomenon of the “Wild West" in the 19th century. The farther the country developed from the cities and seats of the Metropolitan Police Act-Sponsored in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel, it was the first successful bill to create a permanent, public police force. government on the East Coast, the less controllable it became. A third factor was immigration. The constituency of the United States was (and continues to be) in constant flux, resulting in cities, states, and territories filled with people representing a vast array of cultures and languages. Conversely, the early English police were responsible for a static political and physical geography that had a shared culture and language. 6.) Another important police force developed in Chicago around 1855.

  1. The police and courts were highly decentralized and often reflected the values of local communities. Community standards rather than legal norms were expected to guide police behavior and check abuses. at the command of local organizations. Police, courts, and prosecutors
  2. The police, as part of a larger political system, were a significant resource that provided political leaders with jobs, were a source of favors for constituents. and were important agencies for collecting money that lubricated political campaigns.
  3. Criminal justice institutions often operated organized illegal activities, providing the means by which police officers and other officials earned extra income.
  4. Police officers and other criminal justice system personnel developed informal systems of operation that reflected what they wanted to do. These informal methods of operation bore, at best, only an indirect relationship to the formal legal system. 7.) The Introduction of Police Professionalism One of the hallmarks of the professionalization of law enforcement over the past more legally constrained. Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act. The act formed a civil service system that did away with patronage anda administered employment and promotions based on merit rather than political a Pendleton Civil Service Reform Ac tLaw that established federal 8.) Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act Law

3- Immigration enforcement. Law enforcement agencies at all levels are respon not wish to expend resources on enforcing federal immigration laws, they are sible for enforcing U. S. immigration law. Although many local agencies do periodically charged with investigating the immigration status of suspects and offenders. CJ REFERENCE 4. Federal Law Enforcement Agencies BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO, FIREARMS, AND EXPLOSIVES (ATF) The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives is a principal law enforcement agency within the U. S. Department of Justice that enforces federal criminal laws, regulates the firearms and explosives industries, and investigates cases of arson and illegal trafficking of alcohol and tobacco products. U. S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTION U. S. Customs and Border Protection (CBT) manages, controls, and protects the borders of the United States at and between official ports of entry. Located within the Department of Homeland Security, CBP combines the inspectional workforces and border authorities of U. S. Customs, U. S. Immigration, the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, and the U. S. Border Patrol. DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), which is organized within the Department of Justice, enforces the controlled-substance laws and regulations of the United States. The agency also manages a national drug intelligence program, seizes assets used in drug trafficking, and enforces laws pertaining to legally produced controlled substances. FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION The principal investigative arm of the Department of Justice, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigates major violent and financial crime and interstate crime and assists in terrorism investigations. Areas of investigation include computer-related crimes, cases of public corruption, hate crime, white-collar crime, and organized crime. U. S. IMMIGRATION AND CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) is the largest investigative branch of the Department of Homeland Security. The agency was created in March 2003 by combining the law enforcement arms of the former Immigration and Naturalization Service and the former U. S. Customs Service. U. S. MARSHALS SERVICE (FEDERAL MARSHALS) Created in 1789, the U. S. Marshals Service is a federal police agency that protects federal judges and courts and ensures the effective operation of the judicial system. The agency also carries out fugitive investigations, custody and transportation of federal prisoners, security for government witnesses, asset seizures, and serving of

court documents. Each of the 94 federal judicial districts has one U. S. Marshal. United States, as well as other U. S. government officials The U. S. Secret Service protects the president of the and visiting officials. The agency also investigates finan U. S. SECRET SERVICE cial fraud and counterfeiting. 13.) Wilson's Three Styles of Policing three styles of policing: the watchman style, legalistic style, and service style, 1- Watchman style. The watchman style of policing distinguishes between two mandates: law enforcement and order maintenance. Law enforcement is concerned with discovering who has violated the law and either arresting or otherwise sanctioning that person (such as issuing a speeding ticket). This mandate is the one that we usually associate with policing. The key is to preserve the social order and keep citizens happy. Under the watchman style, certain extralegal factors such as age, race, appearance, or personal demeanor may be used in deciding when to arrest and when to release suspects. 2- Legalistic style. In many ways, the legalistic style is a positive style of policing because the focus is on treating all citizens alike, but it can be problematic. The legalistic style officer writes more tickets, makes more arrests, and encourages victims to sign complaints. the legalistic officer will determine who is culpable, make an arrest, and allow the courts to resolve the incident Extralegal factors such as age, race, social status, appearance are much less influential in this style of policing 3- Service style. The service style of policing shares characteristics with the other two styles but is concerned primarily with service to the community and citizens. Like the legalistic style, it treats all law violations seriously, but the frequent result, as with the watchman style, is not to arrest. Instead, the sion programs. The key to the service style of policing is that the individual officer may make decisions, but they are visible, subject to formal review and evaluation, and can be altered when circumstances require. 14.) Community Policing One of the major new ways of thinking in terms of how to organize the police is the concept of community policing. community policing as organizational strategies that support the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques to address the immediate conditions that give rise to crime, social disorder, and fear of crime. Community policing, A policing strategy that attempts to harness the resources and residents of a given community in stopping crime and maintaining order. 15.) Neighborhood Watch

teenagers, drunks, the mentally ill, or the homeless presents a different set of problems. These issues cannot be solved by the police in a democratic country that values individual rights.

  1. Problem of crime displacement. Removing undesirable people from a community does not mean that the associated problems will disappear. These people may just reappear in an adjoining community. Additionally, by threatening to arrest street people and otherwise devaluing any positive contribution they might make to the community, we might actually accelerate their undesirable behaviors from nuisances to crime.