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Student Performance Objective (SPO): 1 - 1 ✔✔A. Explains the relationship between a Student Performance Objective and a test question B. Explains the ultimate reason for law enforcement training The Ultimate Reason for Law Enforcement Training 1 - 1 ✔✔A. To be able to protect life and property of yourself and the public. A Peace Officers Main Goals 1 - 2 ✔✔A. Enforce laws B. Preserve peace C. Prevent Crimes D. Protect Civil Rights and liberties E. provide Services Considerations when exercising discretion ✔✔A. Use sound judgement to determine which laws are to be formally enforced. B. Determine if there is a more constructive remedy to a situation without an arrest or citation.
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Prevention Patrol: Deter crime Interrupt a crime in progress Position the officers to respond to emergency situations Increase of feeling of security to citizens. Incident Response: Officers respond to minor situations Typical dispositions include: Gathering information Directing parties to community resources Restore order Complete reports Emergency Response: Takes precedence over all other calls Less common than routine incident calls Includes incidents. Criminal Investigation: Process of discovering, collecting, preparing, identifying and presenting evidence to determine what happened and who is responsible. Investigations carried out by detectives Responding officer secures and protects the scene Detective should be able to pick up where the responding officer left off.
D. A problem solving approach to the police role that is proactive "SARA" Model: A. Scanning B. Analysis C. Response D. Assessment Considerations for Off Duty Situations ✔✔A. Behavior, a. An officer's behavior is often scrutinized by the community even when not on duty b, not only does this refer to physical and verbal actions, but also online activity on social media. c. An officer is expected to uphold the law enforcement code of ethics. B. Situational Awareness, a. An officer should make every effort to remain alert even when not working. b. You never know when you may need to transition quickly from private citizen to a peace officer. c. Make certain to pre-plan with your family should a situation arise while together. d. Create a number of scenarios for your family to practice. e. Familiarize yourself with your agency's off duty weapon policy. C. Be a good witness, a. If a situation arises when police intervention is necessary. Purpose of the Bill Of Rights ✔✔A. To protect an individual's freedoms B. To prevent the government from interfering in protected rights
Major Components of Criminal Justice System ✔✔A. Law Enforcement (e.g. Police Officer, Deputy Sheriff) a. Keep the peace b. Apprehend violators c. Prevent crime d. Provide social services B. Courts a. Hold fair and impartial trials b. Determine guilt or innocence. c. Impose sentences on the guilty. d. Key personnel include judges, prosecutors, and defense attorneys. C. Corrections - Responsible for supervising offenders a. Prisons/County jails. b. Parole. c. Probation d. Halfway houses e. Work release programs. Goals of Sentencing ✔✔A. To punish the offender and in many cases, rehabilitate the offender. B. Protect society. C. Restore the victim as much as possible. The concept of lawful actions and police legitimacy ✔✔A. Lawful: Defined by laws and standards B. Criminal Law: Identify what actions are prohibited C. Rules of agency (Administrative rules, general orders, standard operating procedures)
b. Result - Citizens are more likely to cooperate and defer in moments of crisis. Circumstances when Filming the Police is Permissible ✔✔A. At least one party to the encounter consents OR B. When officers are carrying out the the duties in public, so long as it does not interfere with the officers carrying out their duties. The Relationship between Race, Genetics and Physical Characteristics. ✔✔A. Race is a modern concept used to classify people by similar observable physical characteristics. B. It is not, as many people think, based on genetics. C. Despite surface appearance, humans are one of the most genetically similar of all species. D. Within the human species, there is no distinct genetic profile that completely distinguishes one so-called race from another. E. This is because most genetically influenced traits like hair, skin, eye shape, blood type, athleticism and intelligence are inherited completely independent from one another. The connection between between In-groups, Out and police legitimacy. ✔✔A. Some individuals interpret their encounters by Police in terms of their groups social position rather than, or in addition to, the immediate circumstances of the Police contact.
Types of Racism ✔✔A. Individual Racism, a. Internalized unexpressed biases and prejudices based on race. B. Interpersonal Racism a. Occurs between individuals. b. Includes public expression of racial prejudice and hate made by individual's. C. Institutional Racism, a. Race based, discriminatory policies and treatment that are produced and perpetuated by institutions (Schools, media, government, banks) that result in equitable opportunities and impacts b. Occurs within and between institutions c. Includes the discriminatory actions of individuals exercising the authority of the institution (e.g. A bank loan officer representing an institution, treating someone with racial bias; A law enforcement institution treating someone with racial bias). D. Structural Racism a. Refers to the collective way history, culture and institutions reinforce and perpetuate racialized outcomes, even in the absence of racial intent. b. It is broadly encompassing; It touches on all aspects of society (e.g. history, politics, economics) and is the foundation from which the other types of racism emerge. c. Indicators include power inequalities, unequal access to opportunities and differing outcomes by race, whether or not intentional.
C. Criminal Profiling a. Based on observed behaviors or characteristics D. Biased Based Profiling a. The factors of race/ethnicity bias towards that race are initiating factors for law enforcement intervention Two types of bias ✔✔A. Explicit bias and Implicit bias - common characteristics a. Everyone possess them b. They have real world effects on behavior c. They can relate for example to race, religion, gender, sexuality, disability, height, weight or age B. Explicit Bias Conscious preference (positive or negative) for a social category C. Implicit Bias Preference (positive or negative) for a social category based on stereotypes or attitudes that we hold and tend to develop early in life and that operate outside of our awareness D. Implicit biases are related to explicit biases, but are still distinct concepts. a. While the two types of biases may reinforce each other, implicit biases can be disassociated from explicit biases - our implicit biases do not necessarily align with our explicit biases. b. Implicit Biases are largely hidden from us, but their effects are pervasive and powerful, and understanding implicit biases is important because they have the potential to impact your interactions and efforts to effectively use procedural justice tactics to promote Police legitimacy.
Two Modes of Thinking ✔✔System 1 (Automatic thinking) System 2 (deliberate thinking) A. Practical Purpose a. Simplifies tasks (e.g. driving, tying shoes) which most can do without having to systematically and deliberately think about each step B. Protection Mechanism a. We evaluate everything we see and everyone we meet with 200 milliseconds to determine if something is threatening or not. Strategies to counter Implicit Biases ✔✔A. Guarding against its influences in decision making a. Recognize that everyone has biases and think critically about your own potential biases b. Seek greater awareness and more education to increase motivation to be fair c. Know when you are susceptible c1.Conditions: c2. Ambiguous or incomplete information c3. Time constraints c3a. Comprised cognitive control High cognitive overload (processing many thoughts at one time) c3b. Fatigue (tired) B. Result a. When the previous factors are present which they often are in the law enforcement profession, we are more apt to switch to system 1 thinking
The Community Bank Account Concept as it relates to Procedural Justice ✔✔A. Every encounter is an ethical deposit or withdrawal (an opportunity increase or decrease of public perception of Police legitimacy) B. Deposits Police must build up reserves of public trust through actions that reflect courtesy, kindness and honesty. C. Withdrawals a. Occur from the community bank account when Police actions reflect overreaction, discourteousness, or disrespectful behavior or when the Police ignore people or betray their trust. i. If a large reserve of trust is not sustained by continual deposits, the community Police relationship will deteriorate. ii. Significant decrease in public approval of the Police after major publicized incidents of misconduct iii. Studies show that even simple, brief encounters can be used to build Police legitimacy when
- Processes are explained 2. Words are used that communicate respect. D. For a person holding negative attitudes toward the Police, a single positive encounter may not be sufficient to shake pre-existing views, but a sustained exposure to positive interactions can start to reshape them. The Four Core Principles/ Pillars of Procedural Justice ✔✔A. Giving others a voice (i.e. listening) B. Neutrality in decision making C. Respectful treatment
D. Trustworthiness A. Voice a. People want an opportunity to explain their situation or tell their side of the story to the officer. b. In practice i. The opportunity for the citizen to make arguments and preserve evidence should occur before you make a decision about how you are going to resolve the conflict.
- Active listening during this phase makes people feel that they are part of the process and have input, even if it does not impact your decision. B. Neutrality a. concept i. People react positively to evidence that the authorities with whom they are dealing are neutral.
- Components a. Consistency in decision making for all persons every time b. Decisions are reasoned, objective and factually driven c. Respect for the rules and legal principles d. Transparency and openness about the rules and procedures used to make the decisions facilitates perception of neutrality.
- In practice a. First secure the situation; Then explain your reason for being there i. When Providing the explanation:
- Tell the truth 2. Use simple language
- Thank them for their cooperation
- Show sensitivity to the importance that others place on an issue
- Show concern for and acquire about their health and well being
- Be empathetic to their situation
- Use the golden rule. D. Trustworthiness a. Concept i. People react favorably when they believe that officers are sincerely trying to act on behalf of the best interest of the citizens with whom they interact b. In practice i. Conveyed through the other three pillars ii. Taking their needs and concerns into account iii. Explaining your actions and decisions iv. Using the golden rule 1. Tips for building relationships of trust: a. Strive to understand the communities in which you work b. If you are in a community that largely speaks another language, make an effort to learn key words and phrases c. Be professional but approachable d. Say hello e. Stop in neighborhood establishments and meet the owners and people who work there
f. Do not stay constantly engaged in conversations with your partner to the extent that residents feel uncomfortable approaching you g. When in a patrol car and approaching someone, proceed slowly and with the windows open a little h. Encourage community participation. i. Make a conscious effort to respond to the concerns of all residents; If you're not able to immediately able to address a concern, collect the citizens information and follow up in a timely manner. j. Do not become argumentative if a citizen has a complaint or concern no matter the reasonableness of the complaint or concern; Instead, refer the citizen to your agency complaint process and/or bring the issue to your supervisor's attention. Generally Accepted Ethical Responsibilities of Peace Officers ✔✔A. Are found in professional codes of ethics and professional codes of conduct B. Are owed to: a. Your community and its citizens b. The law enforcement profession c. Your agency d. Your family e. Yourself C. Includes acting with integrity and treating everyone professionally
Steps in the Decision Making Model and the application of PLUS Filters. ✔✔Step 1 a. Define the problem, being aware that how you define the problem determines where and how you will look for solutions. STEP 2 a. Identify alternative solutions available to address the problem - At a minimum 3, and ideally more than 5. Step 3 a. Evaluate the identified alternatives list the pros and cons of each; Differentiate between known facts and personal beliefs of the situation.
- Make the decision.
- Implement the decision. Evaluate the decision. PLUS filters defined ✔✔a. P=Policies: Is it consistent with my agencies policies and procedures b. L=Legal: Is the action lawful c. U=Universal: Does it conform to the universal principles and values of my agency d. S=Self: Does it align with my beliefs of what is right, good and fair. B. PLUS filters should be applied at each of the following steps of the decision making model: STEP 1 (i.e. define the problem) Does the existing situation violate any PLUS considerations STEP 3 (i.e. evaluate alternative solutions) Do the alternatives resolve or create any PLUS considerations, and if so, are the ethical tradeoffs acceptable STEP 6 (i.e. evaluate the decision)
Does the solution resolve all PLUS considerations, or were unintended or unforeseen PLUS considerations created Uses of Field Notes ✔✔A. Preservation of knowledge, and written form B. Foundation of the formal, written C. Aids in further investigation D. Evidence in court E. Documentation of the officers effort in the field Types of Information to be recorded in Field Notes ✔✔A. Complete information on victims, witnesses and suspects involved B. Relevant dates and times C. Location of occurrence D. Types of places where offense or incident took place E. Details of offense or incident being reported F. Disposition of evidence, property and suspects G. Corresponding report number
