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Criminology
study of forms, causes and reactions to crime-
multidisciplinary social science
TERM 2
social sciences
DEFINITION 2
human society and individual relationships in & to society
TERM 3
evolution of criminology
DEFINITION 3
theological->metaphysical->scientific(religion) (choice)
TERM 4
Emile Durkheim
DEFINITION 4
-french sociologist-crime is normal-part of a healthy
functioning society-where there is conformity, there is
deviance
TERM 5
consensus model
DEFINITION 5
society is in consensus about what is criminal-laws reflect
these agreements
conflict model
society is made up of groups in conflict laws reflect the
interests of group in power
TERM 7
Uniform Crime Report(UCR)
DEFINITION 7
began in 1930voluntary reporting by PDsPart I
offenses(index)Part II offenses(nt used in crime rate)
TERM 8
Crime
rate
DEFINITION 8
# index crimes/population x100,
TERM 9
weaknesses and limitations of UCR
DEFINITION 9
only crimes reported to police-hierarchy rule-emphasis on
street crime
TERM 10
National incident-Based Reporting
System(NIBRS)
DEFINITION 10
-better incident-level info for crimes-more offender&victim
info-all data underestimates amount of crime because of the
"dark figure" of crime
correlation
things that tend to vary systematically in relation to
eachotherpositive:trending togethernegative: opposite
TERM 17
south
DEFINITION 17
south has highest amount of crime
TERM 18
cartharsis hypothesis
DEFINITION 18
watching others commit crimes makes you less likely do it
TERM 19
precipitation hypothesis
DEFINITION 19
increase their aggression
TERM 20
Classical School of Criminology
DEFINITION 20
-during "metaphysical" era (1700s)-swift punishment,
severegoal: deter future crime, should outweigh benefits
Cesare Beccaria
Italian-punishment should be swift, certain& severe-control
crime by making fear of punishment greater than any
benefits
TERM 22
Jeremy Bentham
DEFINITION 22
English-people are hedonistic(act to maximize pleasure)
TERM 23
punishment philosophy
DEFINITION 23
designed to deter that person & everyone else in future
TERM 24
Early Deterrence Theory
DEFINITION 24
assumptions: humans are rational, self-interested creatures,
people choose to commit crime-studying decision-making
process to commit crime
TERM 25
Revitalization of Deterrence
DEFINITION 25
???? LOOK IT UP
RCT
is an extension of Neoclassicism
TERM 32
Criticisms of RCT
DEFINITION 32
impulsivity research:-are all decisions really rational?many
criminals do not report planning crimes-many didnt consider
consequences
TERM 33
pogersky
DEFINITION 33
against equal rationality-acute conformists-deterrable
offenders-incorrigibles
TERM 34
Routine Activities Theory (RAT)
DEFINITION 34
all about the victims
TERM 35
lifestyle theory
DEFINITION 35
more likely to be a victim if living a risky lifestyle
Cohen and Felson
crime is everyday-feature of social &economic process
TERM 37
Felson
DEFINITION 37
Crime and Everyday lifemore time spent w/parents = less
delinquency
TERM 38
Positivism
DEFINITION 38
empirical scientific investigation for the improvement of
society-focus on the actor not the criminal act
TERM 39
Phrenology
DEFINITION 39
using skull shape, measuring bumps on head to determine
personality
TERM 40
physiognomy
DEFINITION 40
measuring facial/body features to determine personality
Autonomic nervous system
suggests criminals have lower resting heart rate
TERM 47
perinatal risks
DEFINITION 47
high-risk maternal behaviortramatic deliverylow birth weight
TERM 48
programs to improve early childhood
parenting
DEFINITION 48
works!
TERM 49
critique of neobiological theories
DEFINITION 49
small sample sizes
TERM 50
healthy psyche
DEFINITION 50
balanced: Id, Ego, Superego
BF Skinner
behavioral modification...based on rewards and punishments
TERM 52
positive
reinforcement
DEFINITION 52
strengthens a behavior beause a positive conditon is
increased
TERM 53
negative
reinforcement
DEFINITION 53
strengthens a behavior because a negative condition is
decreased(avoid something negative)
TERM 54
punishment
DEFINITION 54
weakens a behavior because a negative condition is
experienced as a consequence
TERM 55
Albert Bandura
DEFINITION 55
"Bobo doll study"people learn aggression by observing others
Gesellschaft
associational, secular societies
TERM 62
manifest functions
DEFINITION 62
intended or planned consequences
TERM 63
latent functions
DEFINITION 63
unintended or unanticipated consequences
