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Crim Final Exam Questions with
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environmental crim ✔✔examines the location of a specific crime and context in which it occurred to understand and explain crime patterns. assumption that criminals are motivated rational choice ✔✔offenders are rational people who make choices based n the potential (or not) for gain and what potential consequences of committing the crime may be. Most crime is neither extraordinary or the product of a deranged mind patterns of victimization ✔✔peoples routines and daily activities as contributing to their possible victimization - lifestyle is influenced by gender, age, social status, and relationships situational crime prevention strategies ✔✔crowd control, barriers, flowers, signage to keep you in specific areas and keep you away from other areas (Disney) - remove trees, improve lighting, alarms - make the offender think about whether or not this is worth doing roots of violence ✔✔subcultural influences, cultural influences, families, individual traits homicide ✔✔the killing of one person by another person - first degree is premeditated and intentional - second degree is an intentional killing without premeditation (intent to cause harm, death occurs) - manslaughter is the unlawful killing of another person in the spur of the moment/while intoxicated nature of homicide ✔✔homicide victims and suspects tend to be young males - in many cases the perpetrator is known to the victim, and in spousal cases the female partner is most likely the victim. serial murder ✔✔the killing of several victims over a period of time
mass murder ✔✔killing of multiple victims in one event or in very quick succession Assault level 1 ✔✔common assault, least serious and most common assault level 2 ✔✔assault with a weapon/causing bodily harm Assault level 3 ✔✔aggravated assault: involves maiming, disfiguring, or endangering the victims life (significant harm) robbery ✔✔the threatened or actual use of force to take or attempt to take property from the victim (2019: 5% of all violent crime in Canada, over half are committed without a weapon, most occur in public places among strangers) Terrorism ✔✔a resort or threat of violence on the part of the group seeking to accomplish a purpose against their oppression hate crimes ✔✔those that not only harm the immediate victim but may affect an entire community because they target what the victim and the group represent ex. sex race, religion etc. the crimes are increasing in Canada family related crimes ✔✔1983: changes to previous laws made it illegal for a husband to rape his wife - previously very little action taken by law enforcement - mandatory charge policies introduced in the late 1980s intimate partner violence ✔✔a crime in which there is a large dark figure, along with sexual assault - females are more likely to be victims of this, looking at official records from police, hospitals, shelters child abuse ✔✔links between partner violence and child abuse - up to 75% of men who victimize their partners are also recorded as assaulting their children
obtaining by false pretenses ✔✔victim is made to part with property voluntarily as a result of the perpetrators untrue statements regarding a supposed fact - ex. making a deposit on a dog that doesn't exist confidence games ✔✔refers to situations where the offender gains the confidence of the victim cheque forgery ✔✔altering a cheque with intent to defraud credit card fraud ✔✔counterfeiting and stolen cards 4 ways to fraud ✔✔obtaining by false pretences, confidence games, cheque forgery, credit card fraud auto fraud ✔✔estimated that 10-20% of all auto insurance claims are fake/ exaggerated - this involves staging, abandoning, and intentionally causing accidents medical fraud ✔✔also frequently committed through personal injury claims, physician/health care provider claims high-tech crimes ✔✔involves an attempt to pursue illegal activities through the use of advanced electronic media - no longer need direct contact with the victim, vast profits, easy to evade detection and prosecution, global in nature, complex crimes (middle classed males, aged 14 - 19) white collar crime ✔✔a violation of the law committed by a person or a group of people in the course of an otherwise respected and legitimate business enterprise or occupation crimes committed by individuals ✔✔occupational crimes: crimes committed by individuals for themselves in the course of rendering a service. Employees may abuse their authority for private gain, kickbacks, bribes, and favours
types of white collar crime ✔✔FRAUD: bankruptcy, against government, consumer fraud, insurance fraud, tax fraud. INVESTMENT RELATED: Ponzi schemes- money taken from investors with no real product, paid out by other investors. BRIBERY corporate crime ✔✔crimes committed by one or more employees of a corporation with the aim of furthering the interests of the corporation ex. Ford Pinto (causes more deaths in a month than all mass murders in a decade) organized crime ✔✔a relatively structured hierarchal system, the goal of which is to provide consumers with goods for which there is a demand - it is not an offence in Canada to belong to a criminal organization (conspirational activity, economic gain in black market, connection to legitimate activities, predatory) diversity of organized crime ✔✔ITALIAN MAFIA- reliance on ethnicity, family loyalty, and code of secrecy. ASIAN based groups- cell system, operate on one but part of huge network, marijuana cultivation and exportation. INDIGENOUS- well established prison populations, used for recruitment and drug distribution, violent, arms and drug smuggling, prostitution MOTORCYCLE- tight-knit, structured, violent control of territory, hells angels has 44 chapters public order offences ✔✔consensual and victimless crimes, as social perspectives shift over time, so do these laws drug use in Canada ✔✔drug offences have been decreasing, street crime is related to drug use and abuse, drugs don't "cause" criminal behaviour, but they do enhance it 5 types of drug control ✔✔mandatory sentencing, treatment, education, legalization, harm reduction mandatory sentencing ✔✔safe streets and communities act (2012) legislated minimum sentences for some drug offences. Bill C-5 recently repealed many mandatory sentences ex. possession with intent to traffic - 2 years minimum
