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COVID-19 Pathophysiology and Management, Exams of Medical Sciences

The University of Texas Medical BranchMedical Sciences

A comprehensive overview of the pathophysiology and management of covid-19. It covers the clinical presentation, disease progression, and the impact of the virus on various organ systems. The document delves into the mechanisms of viral entry, immune response, and the development of severe complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards). It also discusses the current treatment approaches, including the use of oxygen support, mechanical ventilation, and antiviral medications. Additionally, the document highlights the importance of personal protective equipment (ppe) and hand hygiene in healthcare settings for preventing the spread of the virus. The information presented in this document can be valuable for healthcare professionals, researchers, and individuals interested in understanding the complexities of covid-19 and its management.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 08/27/2024

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1227 covid article quiz
What might patients in respiratory failure require in severe cases of COV ID-19?
A. Oxygen support or mechanical ventilation
B. No medical intervention
C. Just bed rest
D. Antibiotics only - correct answer A. Oxygen support or mechanical ventilation
What is the average time for symptoms to develop in a patient exposed to the virus?
A. 2 to 14 days
B. 1 day
C. 3 to 5 days
D. 15 days - correct answer A. 2 to 14 days
Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of COV ID-19?
A. Loss of taste or smell
B. Fever
C. Headache
D. Rash - correct answer D. Rash
What can asymptomatic patients with viral antibodies still do according to the text?
A. Transmit the virus
B. Develop severe symptoms
C. Have no risk of transmission
D. Not be carriers - correct answer A. Transmit the virus
What is a recommended action for patients experiencing increasing shortness of breath, cyanosis,
or confusion?
A. Seek prompt medical attention
B. Wait for symptoms to pass
C. Self-medicate
D. Ignore the symptoms - correct answer A. Seek prompt medical attention
In what percentage of all patients with COV ID-19 does Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
(ARDS) occur?
A. 3% to 17%
B. 25%
C. 1%
D. 50% - correct answer A. 3% to 17%
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1227 covid article quiz

What might patients in respiratory failure require in severe cases of COV ID-19? A. Oxygen support or mechanical ventilation B. No medical intervention C. Just bed rest D. Antibiotics only - correct answer A. Oxygen support or mechanical ventilation What is the average time for symptoms to develop in a patient exposed to the virus? A. 2 to 14 days B. 1 day C. 3 to 5 days D. 15 days - correct answer A. 2 to 14 days Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of COV ID-19? A. Loss of taste or smell B. Fever C. Headache D. Rash - correct answer D. Rash What can asymptomatic patients with viral antibodies still do according to the text? A. Transmit the virus B. Develop severe symptoms C. Have no risk of transmission D. Not be carriers - correct answer A. Transmit the virus What is a recommended action for patients experiencing increasing shortness of breath, cyanosis, or confusion? A. Seek prompt medical attention B. Wait for symptoms to pass C. Self-medicate D. Ignore the symptoms - correct answer A. Seek prompt medical attention In what percentage of all patients with COV ID-19 does Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) occur? A. 3% to 17% B. 25% C. 1% D. 50% - correct answer A. 3% to 17%

What can excessive immune responses sometimes lead to in patients with COV ID-19? A. Cytokine storm B. Decreased inflammation C. Improved lung function D. Reduced organ failure risk - correct answer A. Cytokine storm What do mild cases of COV ID-19 typically consist of? A. Upper respiratory infection symptoms or gastrointestinal symptoms B. Severe pneumonia C. No symptoms at all D. Only fever - correct answer A. Upper respiratory infection symptoms or gastrointestinal symptoms What rises considerably in severe cases of COV ID-19 according to the text? A. Inflammatory cytokines and D-dimers B. Antibody levels C. Viral load D. White blood cell count - correct answer A. Inflammatory cytokines and D-dimers What is a common characteristic of the lungs in patients who died of COV ID-19? A. Edema and widespread alveolar damage B. No visible damage C. Healthy appearance D. Increased lung capacity - correct answer A. Edema and widespread alveolar damage What causes the virus to likely bind to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptors on the epithelial cells of the lungs? A. Entry into the bloodstream B. Viremia C. Attachment to host receptors D. Maturation of viral particles - correct answer A. Entry into the bloodstream Which medication was initially authorized for emergency use by the FDA for severe COVID- 19 cases but later had its authorization revoked due to lack of benefit and potential heart rhythm? problems? A. Chloroquine B. Hydroxychloroquine C. Lopinavir-ritonavir D. Ribavirin - correct answer B. Hydroxychloroquine

What type of patients are at a higher risk of severe complications from COVID-19 when given hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine? A. Patients with diabetes B. Patients with respiratory issues C. Patients with heart problems D. Patients with kidney disease - correct answer C. Patients with heart problems Which regulatory body approved the emergency use of certain drugs for COVID- 19 treatment? A. WHO B. CDC C. FDA D. EMA - correct answer C. FDA What is the receptor found to be used by both SARS-CoV-1 in 2003 and SARS-CoV-2 now? A. ACE B. ACE C. ACE D. ACE4 - correct answer A. ACE When was the COVID-19 virus first recognized? A. December 29, 2019 B. November 13, 2019 C. March 11, 2020 D. April 1, 2020 E. January 1, 2020 - correct answer A. December 29, 2019 Where were the first 4 reported cases of COVID-19 linked to? A. Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, China B. Italian restaurant in New York C. Brazilian carnival in Rio de Janeiro D. Russian circus in Moscow - correct answer A. Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, China Who declared the COVID-19 situation a pandemic? A. World Health Organization B. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention C. Red Cross D. Doctors Without Borders - correct answer A. World Health Organization

  1. What is one reason the Spanish Flu spread rapidly? A. It began during World War 1 B. It originated in Antarctica C. It was spread by mosquitoes D. It affected only a small region - correct answer A. It began during World War 1 What organization made up the epidemiology team that investigated COVID-19 cases? A. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention B. NASA C. European Union D. UNESCO - correct answer A. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention What was the market closed on January 1, 2020, due to COVID-19? A. Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market B. Walmart C. Amazon D. Target - correct answer A. Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market When did the World Health Organization declare the COVID-19 situation a pandemic? A. March 11, 2020 B. April 1, 2020 C. May 1, 2020 D. June 1, 2020 - correct answer A. March 11, 2020 What is the novel strain of the human coronavirus that causes COVID-19? A. SARS-CoV- 2 B. MERS-CoV C. H1N D. Zika virus - correct answer A. SARS-CoV- 2 What is the main focus of the article mentioned in the content? A. Medical Imagings Role in the COVID- 1 9 Pandemic B. History of World Wars C. Climate Change Effects D. Space Exploration Discoveries - correct answer A. Medical Imagings Role in the COVID- 19 Pandemic What virus caused the Spanish Flu pandemic in 1918-1919? A. Influenza A (H1N1) B. COVID- 19

D. Recovery phase - correct answer A. Acute phase What is the average age of patients in the first 425 COVID-19 cases studied in Wuhan, China? A. 38 years B. 59 years C. 70 years D. 35 years - correct answer B. 59 years Which cytokine reflects high levels of inflammation in patients with COVID-19? A. Interleukin- 6 B. Interleukin- 1 C. Tumor necrosis factor D. Interferon - correct answer A. Interleukin- 6 What causes the virus to likely bind to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptors on the epithelial cells of the lungs? A. Entry into the bloodstream B. Viremia C. Attachment to host receptors D. Maturation of viral particles - correct answer A. Entry into the bloodstream What is a common characteristic of the lungs in patients who died of COV ID-19? A. Edema and widespread alveolar damage B. No visible damage C. Healthy appearance D. Increased lung capacity - correct answer A. Edema and widespread alveolar damage What is described as the single most important precaution for preventing the spread of pathogens in health care facilities? A. Hand hygiene B. Wearing gloves C. Social distancing D. Using disinfectants - correct answer A. Hand hygiene Which organization initiated the 'My Five Moments for Hand Hygiene' campaign in 2006? A. Red Cross B. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention C. WHO D. Doctors Without Borders - correct answer C. WHO

What is stated to be superior to water and regular soap for hand hygiene, except in specific cases? A. Nothing B. Antibacterial soap C. Hand wipes D. Alcohol-based hand sanitizer - correct answer D. Alcohol-based hand sanitizer What has been associated with higher levels of hand hygiene compliance among health care workers? A. Hand sanitizer B. Gloves C. Face masks D. Face shields - correct answer A. Hand sanitizer What has shown a dramatic decrease in infection rates among health care workers from 29% to about 4% during the pandemic? A. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) B. Vaccines C. Antibiotics D. Hand hygiene practices - correct answer A. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) What is highlighted as vitally important for medical imaging professionals and other frontline workers to minimize the spread of the virus? A. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) B. Hand hygiene C. Social distancing D. Vaccination - correct answer A. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) What is the only drug approved by the FDA for the treatment of COVID-19 according to the content? A. Hydroxychloroquine B. Ivermectin C. Azithromycin D. Remdesivir - correct answer D. Remdesivir What is described as the increase in viral load in patients with more severe disease, leading to higher transmission risk? A. Asymptomatic individuals B. Symptomatic individuals C. Presymptomatic individuals D. Recovered individuals - correct answer B. Symptomatic individuals

What has led some health care institutions to reuse N95 masks during the pandemic? A. Scarcity of PPE B. Abundance of masks C. High demand for masks D. Low quality of masks - correct answer A. Scarcity of PPE When should N95 masks have the best fit according to the content? A. First 2 uses B. First 5 uses C. After 15 uses D. After 20 uses - correct answer B. First 5 uses What is the gold standard testing method for diagnosing COVID-19 mentioned in the text? A. Chest radiography B. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction swab test C. MRI scan D. Ultrasound imaging - correct answer B. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction swab test How many technologists are recommended in the scenario to reduce the risks of cross- contamination during imaging procedures? A. 1 technologist B. 2 technologists C. 3 technologists D. 4 technologists - correct answer B. 2 technologists Which type of opacity is associated with pneumonia in COVID-19 radiographic findings? A. Clear opacity B. Ground-glass opacity C. Solid opacity D. Fluid opacity - correct answer B. Ground-glass opacity What is the significance of using portable radiography for pregnant and pediatric patients in COVID-19 cases? A. Higher radiation dose B. Lower radiation dose C. Faster imaging results D. Reduced accuracy - correct answer B. Lower radiation dose Which imaging modality is mentioned as the most commonly used test for suspected and

confirmed COVID-19 cases? A. MRI scan B. Bone density C. CT scan D. Chest radiography - correct answer D. Chest radiography What is labeled as the primary imaging modality for the evaluation of COVID19 in the provided content? A. MRI B. Ultrasound C. Chest CT D. X-ray - correct answer C. Chest CT What is the most common CT finding in patients with COVID-19 according to the provided content? A. Pulmonary nodules B. Reticulation C. Ground-glass opacities D. Air bronchogram sign - correct answer C. Ground-glass opacities What is reticulation defined as in the context of chest CT scans for COVID-19? A. Thickened bronchial walls B. Visible bronchial vessels C. Linear opacities D. Thickened interlobular septa and intralobular lines - correct answer D. Thickened interlobular septa and intralobular lines Which characteristic is mentioned as an important indicator of COVID-19 pneumonia in the content? A. Involvement of upper lung zones B. Single lobe opacification C. Multifocal airspace disease D. Patchy opacities - correct answer C. Multifocal airspace disease What tends to occur mostly in the lower lung zones in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia according to the content? A. Peripheral lung involvement B. Diffuse airspace disease C. Multifocal opacities D. Reticulation - correct answer A. Peripheral lung involvement

  1. Gloves
  2. A gown
  3. Eye protection a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3 - correct answer d. 1, 2, and 3 Which areas of the lungs typically are affected by pneumonia due to COVID-19?
  4. Peripheral regions
  5. Upper lung zones
  6. Multiple lobes a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3 - correct answer b. 1 and 3 Why did the American College of Radiology recommend use of portable chest radiography in cases of suspected COVID-19 when CT is not necessary? a. Concern over radiation exposure b. Cost c. The amount sterilization and decontamination needed after each CT scan. d. Improved sensitivity and specificity - correct answer c. The amount sterilization and decontamination needed after each CT scan. In one study of intensive care unit patients with COVID-19, a majority showed evidence of __________ on magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. a. Intracerebral hemorrhage lesions b. Acute ischemic stroke c. Acute necrotizing encephalography d. Cytokine storm syndrome - correct answer a. Intracerebral hemorrhage lesions