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COVID 19 EXPLaniation, Essays (university) of Historical Research

COVID 19 explaination in detail with full explaination

Typology: Essays (university)

2019/2020

Uploaded on 06/18/2020

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On December 31, 2019, China informed the World Health Organization of a cluster of cases of
pneumonia of an unknown cause in Wuhan City in Hubei province. On January 9, 2020, the WHO issued
a statement saying Chinese researchers have made “preliminary determination” of the virus as a novel
coronavirus. Since then, more than 204K deaths have been reported due to COVID-19 across the world
till today…. Cases have been reported from more than 180 countries, including India. Lockdowns,
curfews, massive airport screenings, quarantines, and social distancing have become the norm across
the globe. Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses with some causing less severe common cold to
more severe diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory
syndrome (MERS). The SARS-CoV-21 is a coronavirus very similar to the one that caused SARS. Many
coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they are transmitted from animals to humans. While the SARS
coronavirus is thought to be an animal virus from an as-yet-uncertain animal reservoir, perhaps bats,
that spread to other animals (civet cats) and first infected humans in the Guangdong province of
southern China in 2002, the MERS coronavirus was passed on from dromedary camels to humans in
Saudi Arabia in 2012. There is evidence that the SARS-CoV-2 has also been transmitted from bats
Spread The much greater binding affinity to the cell receptor explains the apparent high human-to-
human transmissibility of the virus compared with the SARS coronavirus. “The high affinity of the 2019-
nCoV S for human ACE2 may contribute to the apparent ease with which the 2019-nCoV can spread
from human-to-human,” the researchers write. “Additional studies are needed to investigate this
possibility.”
The World Health Organisation has declared COVID-19 to be a pandemic . The symptoms of COVID-
19 appear within two to 14 days after exposure and include fever, cough, a runny nose and difficulty in
breathing. How does the disease spread? It primarily spreads through the respiratory
droplets of infected people. If a person touches a surface or object that has been infected by the virus
and then touches his own mouth, nose, or eyes, he may get infected. Who is affected? While
people of all ages can be affected by the disease, people aged 80 and above are at the highest risk of
dying due to COVID-19, according to case records analysed by the Disease Control and Prevention
Centers in China and South Korea. Victims of the virus with pre-existing medical conditions such as
cardiovascular disease and diabetes have a higher fatality rate than others. Also the rate of fatalities was
relatively higher for retirees.
What are the symptoms? The guidelines5 from the Union Health Ministry for early recognition of
COVID-19 patients are those who come in with Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) who also have
a history of foreign travel or close contact with another COVID-19 patient. As per the guidelines,
“COVID–19 may present with mild, moderate, or severe illness; the latter includes severe pneumonia,
ARDS [Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome], sepsis and septic shock.”
How can it be detected? The virus can be detected using a RT-PCR test . An RT-PCR or reverse
transcription polymerase chain reaction test is DNA-based and can quickly tell if someone harbours the
virus. In India, the government facilities to test for the virus include 52 labs belonging to the Viral
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On December 31, 2019, China informed the World Health Organization of a cluster of cases of pneumonia of an unknown cause in Wuhan City in Hubei province. On January 9, 2020, the WHO issued a statement saying Chinese researchers have made “preliminary determination” of the virus as a novel coronavirus. Since then, more than 204K deaths have been reported due to COVID-19 across the world till today…. Cases have been reported from more than 180 countries, including India. Lockdowns, curfews, massive airport screenings, quarantines, and social distancing have become the norm across the globe. Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses with some causing less severe common cold to more severe diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). The SARS-CoV-21 is a coronavirus very similar to the one that caused SARS. Many coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they are transmitted from animals to humans. While the SARS coronavirus is thought to be an animal virus from an as-yet-uncertain animal reservoir, perhaps bats, that spread to other animals (civet cats) and first infected humans in the Guangdong province of southern China in 2002, the MERS coronavirus was passed on from dromedary camels to humans in Saudi Arabia in 2012. There is evidence that the SARS-CoV-2 has also been transmitted from bats

Spread The much greater binding affinity to the cell receptor explains the apparent high human-to-

human transmissibility of the virus compared with the SARS coronavirus. “The high affinity of the 2019- nCoV S for human ACE2 may contribute to the apparent ease with which the 2019-nCoV can spread from human-to-human,” the researchers write. “Additional studies are needed to investigate this possibility.”

The World Health Organisation has declared COVID-19 to be a pandemic. The symptoms of COVID-

19 appear within two to 14 days after exposure and include fever, cough, a runny nose and difficulty in

breathing. How does the disease spread? It primarily spreads through the respiratory

droplets of infected people. If a person touches a surface or object that has been infected by the virus

and then touches his own mouth, nose, or eyes, he may get infected. Who is affected? While

people of all ages can be affected by the disease, people aged 80 and above are at the highest risk of dying due to COVID-19, according to case records analysed by the Disease Control and Prevention Centers in China and South Korea. Victims of the virus with pre-existing medical conditions such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes have a higher fatality rate than others. Also the rate of fatalities was relatively higher for retirees.

What are the symptoms? The guidelines5 from the Union Health Ministry for early recognition of

COVID-19 patients are those who come in with Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) who also have a history of foreign travel or close contact with another COVID-19 patient. As per the guidelines, “COVID–19 may present with mild, moderate, or severe illness; the latter includes severe pneumonia, ARDS [Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome], sepsis and septic shock.”

How can it be detected? The virus can be detected using a RT-PCR test. An RT-PCR or reverse

transcription polymerase chain reaction test is DNA-based and can quickly tell if someone harbours the virus. In India, the government facilities to test for the virus include 52 labs belonging to the Viral

Research and Diagnostic Laboratories network of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), 10 labs

under the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), and the NIV.

What is the treatment? There is no current evidence from randomised controlled trial to recommend

any specific treatment for suspected or confirmed COVID19 patients. No specific anti-virals are recommended for treatment of those suffering from respiratory ailment due to lack of adequate evidence from medical literature. Protecting yourself against COVID- Guidelines by the World Health Organization specify that one of the ways to reduce the risk of infection is by regularly and thoroughly cleaning one’s hands with an alcohol-based hand rub or washing them with soap and water. Regular washing becomes important as the virus tends to be viable from hours to more than a day on different surfaces that are regularly touched with hands.

Washing with soap :- The grime on our hands contains innumerable viruses and bacteria. Washing

with water without using soap helps reduce the amount of microbes but does not remove most of the virus and bacteria completely. Using soap, therefore, becomes far more effective in removing microbes.

Alcohol-based hand sanitisers Like soap, the alcohol present in hand sanitisers dissolve the lipid

envelope, thus inactivating the virus.

Using a mask Medical masks help prevent the spread of coronavirus infection. If worn properly,

masks may be effective in preventing transmission of coronavirus. Therefore suggested that masks worn by healthy individuals can help prevent infection.

Social distancing The WHO also says that you should maintain at least 1 metre (3 feet) distance

between yourself and anyone who is coughing or sneezing. This is because when someone coughs or sneezes they spray small liquid droplets from their nose or mouth which may contain virus. “If you are too close, you can breathe in the droplets, including the COVID-19 virus if the person coughing has the disease,” says the WHO.

Avoid touching eyes, nose and mouth Hands can pick up viruses as they come in contact with many

surfaces. It can then transfer the virus to your eyes, nose or mouth. From there, the virus can enter your body and can make you sick.

Practise respiratory hygiene Cover your mouth and nose with your bent elbow or tissue when you

cough or sneeze. Then dispose of the used tissue immediately. There have been several myths around the disease, like consuming more garlic, curry leaves or cow’s urine would treat or protect one from the disease.

When India imposed a nationwide lockdown, it was designed to stop the imminent spread of

the novel coronavirus.