course d pharma syllabus, Summaries of Pharmacy

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SYLLABUS

D.D.PPhhaarrmm..

ORDINANCE, SCHEME & SYLLABUS FOR DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY

Course Title: Diploma in Pharmacy Abbreviation: D. Pharm. Type of Course: A Two years Diploma course Pattern: Yearly Award of the Degree: Diploma will be awarded for those passing in both the years as per rules and regulations.

O-D. Ph. 1. DURATION OF THE COURSE : The duration of the course shall be for two academic years, with each academic year spread over a period of not less than one hundred and eighty working days in addition to 500 hours practical training spread over a period of not less than 3 months.

O-D. Ph.2. ELIGIBILITY FOR ADMISSION : No. Candidate shall be admitted to Diploma in Pharmacy Pt. I unless he/she had passed any of the following examinations in all the optional subjects and compulsory subjects (Physics, Chemistry, Biology and /or Mathematics including English as one of the Compulsory subjects): a) Intermediate examination in Science; The First Year of the three year degree course in Science; 10+ Examination(Academic stream) in Science; b) Pre-degree examination; any other qualification approved by the Pharmacy Council of India as equivalent to any of the above exam. Admission of candidates to the Diploma in Pharmacy Part - I shall be made in order of merit on the basis of 'Pre-Pharmacy Test' conducted in accordance with the scheme of Examinations and syllabus laid-down by the University.

O- D. Ph.3. ELIGIBILITY FOR APPEARING IN EXAMINATION (a) Eligibility for appearing at the Diploma in Pharmacy Part-I Examination: Only such candidates who produce-certificate from the Head of the Academic Institution in which he/she has undergone the Diploma in Pharmacy Part-I course, in proof of his/her having regularly and satisfactorily undergone the course of study by attending not less than 75% of the classes held both in theory and in practical separately in each, shall be eligible for appearing at the Diploma in Pharmacy (Part-I) examination. (b) Eligibility for appearing at the Diploma in Pharmacy Part-II Examination: Only such candidates who produce certificate from the Head of the academic institution in which he/she has undergone the Diploma in Pharmacy Part-II course, in proof of his/her having regularly and satisfactorily attending not less than 75% of the classes held both in theory and practicals separately in each subject, shall be eligible for appearing at the Diploma in Pharmacy (Part-II) examination. (c) A candidate can have a relaxation of 10% attendance on medical ground by producing a certificate from medical officer of government hospital and a 5% relaxation by the vice chancellor on the recommendation of Dean, faculty.

Drugs and cosmetics Act,1940 shall not exceed two where there is one registered pharmacist engaged in the work in which the student pharmacist is under going practical training, where there is more than one registered pharmacist similarly engaged, the number shall not exceed one for each additional such registered pharmacist. Hospital and Dispensary other than those specified in sub-regulation(1)for the purpose of giving practical training shall have to be recognized by pharmacy council of India on fulfilling the conditions specified in Appendix-D to these regulations.

In the course of practical training, the trainees shall have exposure to: Working knowledge of keeping of records required by various acts concerning the profession of pharmacy and Practical experience in the manipulation of pharmaceutical apparatus in common use, the reading, translation and copying of prescription including checking of dose, the dispensing of prescriptions illustrating the commoner methods of administering medicaments; the storage of drugs and medical preparations. The practical training shall be not less than five hundred hours spread over a period of not less than three months provided that not less than two hundred and fifty hours and devoted to actual dispensing of prescriptions. (b) Procedure to be followed prior to commencing of the training : The head of the academic training institution, shall supply application in triplicate in' Practical Training Contract Form for Qualification as pharmacist' to candidate eligible to under-take the said practical training, the contract form shall be as specified in Appendix-E to these regulations. The head of an academic training institution shall fill section I of the contract Form. The trainee shall fill section II of the said contract Form and the Head of the institution agreeing to impart the training (hereinafter referred to as the Apprentice Master) shall fill section III of the said contract Form. It shall be the responsibility of the trainee to ensure that one copy (hereinafter referred to as the first copy of the contract Form)so filled is submitted to Head of the academic training institution and the other two copies(hereinafter referred to as the second copy and the third copy)shall be filled with Apprentice Master(if he so desires)or with the trainee pending completion of the training. (c) Certificate of Passing Diploma in Pharmacy(part-III) on satisfactory completion of the apprentice period, the Apprentice Master shall fill Section IV of the second copy and third copy of contract form and cause it to be sent to the head to the academic training institution who shall suitably enter in the first copy of the entries from the second copy and third copy and shall fill section V of the three copies of contract form and thereafter handover both the second copy and the third copy to the trainee. Thus, if completed in all respect, shall be regarded as a certificate of having successfully completed the course of Diploma in Pharmacy (part-III).

O-D. Ph.6. Working out of Result (a) Mode of examinations: Each theory and practical examination in the subject mentioned in Table-III and IV shall be of three hours duration. A candidate who fails in theory or practical examination shall reappear in such theory or practical paper(s) as the case may be. Practical examination shall also consist of viva voce (oral) examination. (b) Award of sessional marks and maintenance of records: A regular record of both theory and practical class work and examinations conducted in an institution imparting training for Diploma in Pharmacy Part-I and Diploma in pharmacy Part-II courses, shall be maintained for each student in the institution and 20 marks for each theory and 20 marks for each practical subject shall be allotted as sessional. There shall be at least three periodic sessional examinations during each academic year. The highest aggregate of any two performances shall form the basis of calculating sessional marks. The sessional marks in practicals shall be allotted on the following basis: Actual performance in the sessional examination. 10 Day to day assessment in the practical class work. 10 (c) Minimum marks for passing the examination: A student shall not be declared to have passed Diploma in Pharmacy examination unless he/she secures atleast 40% marks in each of the subject separately in theory examination, including sessional marks and atleast 40% marks in each of the practical examination including sessional marks. The candidates securing 60% marks or above in aggregate in

all subjects in a single attempt at the Diploma in Pharmacy (part-I)or Diploma in Pharmacy(part- II)examinations shall be declared to have passed in first class the Diploma in Pharmacy(part-I)of Diploma in Pharmacy (part-II)examinations, as the case may be. Candidates securing 75% marks or above in any subject or subjects provided he/she passes in all the subjects in single attempt, will be given distinction in that subjects(s). (d) Eligibility for Promotion to Diploma in Pharmacy (Pt. II): All candidates who have appeared for all the subjects and passed the Diploma in pharmacy part-I class. However failure in more than two subjects (each Theory paper or practical examination shall be considered as a subject) shall debar him/her from promotion to the Diploma in Pharmacy Part-II class. Such candidates shall be examined in the failing subjects only at subsequent. A candidate who fails to pass D Pharm Part - I exam. in four attempts shall not allowed to continue the course. (e) Improvement of sessional marks: Candidates who wish to improve sessional marks can do so by appearing in two additional sessional examinations during the next academic year. The average score of the two examinations shall be the basis for improved sessional marks in theory. The sessional of practicals shall be improved by appearing in additional practical examinations. Marks awarded to a candidate for day to day assessment in the practical class, can not be improved unless he/she attends regular course of study again. (f) Certificate of passing examination for Diploma in Pharmacy (part-II): Certificate of having passes the examination for the Diploma in pharmacy Part-II shall be granted by the Examining Authority to a successful student. (g) Certificate of Diploma in Pharmacy: A certificate of Diploma in pharmacy shall be granted by the Examining Authority to successful candidate on producing certificate of having passed the Diploma in Pharmacy part-I and Part-II and satisfactory completion of practical training for Diploma in pharmacy (part-III). (h) The chairman and at least one expert member of examining committee of the Examining Authority Concerned with appointment of examiners and conduct of pharmacy examination should be persons possessing pharmacy Qualifications. PLAN AND SCHEME OF EXAMINATION FOR THE DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY (Based on effective teaching for 180 working days in one academic session)

Table-III Diploma in pharmacy (part-I) Examination Subject Max. Marks in Theory Max. Marks in Practical Examination Sessional Total Examination Sessional Total Pharmaceutics-I 80 20 100 80 20 100 Pharmaceutical Chemistry-I 80 20 100 80 20 100 Pharmacognosy 80 20 100 80 20 100 Biochem. & Clinical Pathology 80 20 100 80 20 100 Human Anatomy & Physiology 80 20 100 80 20 100 Health Education & community pharmacy

TABLE-IV Diploma in Pharmacy (Part-II) Subject Max. Marks in Theory Max. Marks in Practical Examination Sessional Total Examination Sessional Total Pharmaceutics-II 80 20 100 80 20 100 Pharmaceutical Chemistry-II 80 20 100 80 20 100 Pharmacology & Toxicology 80 20 100 80 20 100 Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence 80 20 100 Drug store and Business Management

Hospital & Clinical Pharmacy 80 20 100 80 20 100 600 400

SYLLABUS

DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY (PART-I)

1.1 PHARMACEUTICS I

Theory (75 Hours)

Introduction of different dosage forms. Their classification with examples-their relative applications. Familiarization with new drug delivery systems. Introduction to Pharmacopoeias with special reference to the Indian Pharmacopoeia.

Metrology -System of weights and measures. Calculations including conversion from one to another system. Percentage calculations and adjustment of products .Use of alligation method in calculations .Isotonic solutions.

Packaging of pharmaceuticals -Desirable features of a container and types of containers. Study of glass & plastics as materials for containers and rubber as a material for closure-their merits and demerits. Introduction to aerosol packaging. Size reduction, objectives, and factors affecting size reduction, methods of size reduction- study of Hammer mill, ball mill, Fluid energy mill and Disintegrator.

Size separation -size separation by sifting. Official standards for powders. Sedimentation methods of size separation. Construction and working of Cyclone separator.

Mixing and Homogenization -Liquid mixing and powder mixing, Mixing of semisolids. Study of silverson Mixer-Homogenizer, planetary Mixer; Agitated powder mixer; Triple Roller Mill; Propeller Mixer, colloid Mill and Hand Homogeniser. Double cone mixer.

Clarification and Filtration -Theory of filtration, Filter media; Filter aids and selection of filters. Study of the following filtration equipments-Filter Press, sintered filters, Filter candles, Metafilter.

Extraction and Galenicals - (a) Study of percolation and maceration and their modification, continuous hot extraction-Application in the preparation of tinctures and extracts. (b) Introduction to Ayurvedic dosage forms. Heat process-Evaporation-Definition-Factors affecting evaporation-study of evaporating still and Evaporating pan.

Distillation- Simple distillation and Fractional distillation, steam distillation and vacuum distillation. Study of vacuum still, preparation of purified water I.P. and water for Injection I.P. construction and working of the still used for the same.

Introduction to drying process -Study of Tray Dryers; Fluidized Bed Dryer, Vacuum Dryer and Freeze Dryer.

Sterilization- Concept of sterilization and its differences from disinfection-Thermal resistance of microorganisms. Detailed study of the following sterilization process. Sterilization with moist heat, Dry heat sterilization, Sterilization by radiation, Sterilization by filtration and Gaseous sterilization.

Aseptic techniques -Applications of sterilization process in hospitals particularly with reference to surgical dressings and intravenous fluids. Precautions for safe and effective handling of sterilization equipment.

Processing of Tablets -Definition; different type of compressed tables and their properties. Processes involved in the production of tablets; Tablets excipients ; Defects in tablets; Evaluation of Tablets; Physical standards including Disintegration and Dissolution. Tablet coating-sugar coating; films coating, enteric coating and micro-encapsulation (Tablet coating may be de.. in an elementary manner).

Processing of Capsules -Hard and soft gelatin capsules; different sizes of capsules; filling of capsules; handling and storage of capsules. Special applications of capsules.

Study of immunological products like sera, vaccines, toxoids & their preparations.

PRACTICAL (100 hours)

Preparation (minimum number stated against each of the following categories illustrating different techniques involved.

1. Aromatic waters
2. Solutions 4
3. Spirits
4. Tinctures
5. Extracts
6. Creams
7. Cosmetic preparations
8. Capsules
9. Tables
10. Preparations involving
11. Opthalmic preparations
12. Preparations involving aseptic techniques

Books recommended:(Latest editions) 1.) Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2.) The Extra Pharmacopoeia-Martindale.

1.2 PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-I

THEORY (75 Hours)

General discussion on the following inorganic compounds including important physical and chemical properties, medicinal and pharmaceutical uses, storage conditions and chemical incompatibility.

Acids, bases and buffers -Boric acid, Hydrochloric acid, Strong Ammonium hydroxide, Sodium hydroxide and official buffers.

Antioxidants - Hypophosphorous acid, Sulphur dioxide, Sodium bisulphite, Sodium meta-bisulphite, Sodium thiosulphate, Nitrogen and Sodium nitrite.

Gastrointestinal agents - Acidifying agents- Dilute Hydrochloric acid. Antacids- Sodium bicarbonate, Aluminum hydroxide gel, Aluminum phosphate, Calcium carbonate, Magnesium carbonate, Magnesium trisilicate, Magnesium oxide, Combinations of antacid preparations. Protective and Adsorbents- Bismuth sub carbonate and Kaolin. Saline cathartics- Sodium potassium tartrate and Magnesium sulphate.

Topical Agents- Protective- Talc, Zinc Oxide, Calamine, Zinc stearate, Titanium dioxide, silicone polymers.

1.3 PHARMACOGNOSY

THEORY (75 Hours)

1. Definition, history and scope of Pharmacogonosy including indigenous system of medicine.
2. Various systems of classification of drugs and natural origin.
3. Adulteration and drug evaluation; significance of pharmacopoeial standards.
4. Brief outline of occurrence, distribution, outline of isolation, identification tests, therapeutic effects and pharmaceutical application of alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, volatile oils, tannins and resins.
5. Occurrence, distribution, organoleptic evaluation, chemical constituents including tests wherever applicable and therapeutic efficacy of following categories of drugs.

(a) Laxatives - Aloes, Rhubarb, Castor oil, Ispaghula, Senna. (b) Cardiotonics - Digitalis, Arjuna. (c) Carminatives & G.I. regulators - Umbelliferous fruits, Coriander, Fennel, Ajowan, Cardamom, Ginger, Black pepper , Asafoetida, Nutmeg, Cinnamon, Clove. (d) Astringents - Catecheu. (e) Drugs acting on nervous system - Hyoscyamus, Belladonna, Aconite, Ashwagandha, Ephedra, Opium, Cannabis, Nux -vominca. (f) Antihypertensive - Rauwolfia. (g) Antitussives - Vasaka, Tolu balsam, Tulsi. (h) Antirheumatics - Guggal, Colchicum. (i) Antitumour - Vinca. (j) Antileprotics - Chaulmoogra oil. (k) Antidiabetics - Pterocarpus, Gymnema sylvestro. (l) Diuretics - Gokhru, Punarnava. (m) Antidysenterics - Ipecacuanha. (n) Antiseptics and disinfectants - Benzoin, Myrrh, Neem, Curcuma. (o) Antimalarials - Cinchona. (p) Oxytocics - Ergot. (q) Vitamins - Shark liver oil and Amla. (r) Enzymes - Papaya, Diastase, Yeast. (s) Perfumes and flavoring agents - peppermint oil, Lemon oil, Orange oil, lemon grass oil, sandal wood. Pharmaceutical aids -Honey, Arachis oil, starch, kaolin, pectin, olive oil. Lanolin, Beeswax, Acacia, Tragacanth, sodium Alginate, Agar, Guar gum, Gelatin. Miscellaneous - Liquorice, Garlic, picrorhiza, Dirscorea, Linseed, shatavari, shankhpushpi, pyrethrum, Tobacco. Collection and preparation of crude drugs for the market as exemplified by Ergot, opium, Rauwalfia, Digitalis, senna. Study of source, preparation and identification of fibers used in sutures and surgical dressings-cotton ,silk, wool and regenerated fibers. Gross anatomical studies of-senna , Datura, cinnamon, cinchona, fennal, clove, Ginger, Nuxvomica & ipecacuanha.

PRACTICAL (75 hours)

1. Identification of drugs by morphological characters. Physical and chemical tests for evaluation of drugs wherever applicable. 2. Gross anatomical studies(t.s.)of the following drugs :Senna, Datura, cinnamon, cinchona, coriander, fennel , clove, Ginger, Nux-vomica, Ipecacuanha. 3. Identification of fibers and surgical dressing.

1.4 BIOCHEMISTRY AND CLINICAL PATHOLOGY

THEORY (50 Hours)

Introduction to biochemistry. Brief chemistry and role of proteins, polypeptides and amino acids, classification, Qualitative tests, Biological value, Deficiency diseases. Carbohydrates: Brief chemistry and role of carbohydrates, classification, qualitative tests, Diseases related to carbohydrate metabolism. Lipids: Brief chemistry and role of lipids, classification and qualitative tests. Diseases related to lipids metabolism. Vitamins: Brief chemistry and role of vitamins and coenzymes. Role of minerals and water in life processes. Enzymes: Brief concept of enzymatic action. factors affecting it. Therapeutics: Introduction to pathology of blood and urine. Lymphocytes and platelets, their role in health and disease. Erythrocytes-Abnormal cells and their significance. Abnormal constituents of urine and their significance in diseases.

PRACTICAL (75 Hours)

1. Detection and identification of proteins. Amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids. 2. Analysis of normal and abnormal constituents of Blood and Urine (Glucose, urea, creatine, cretinine, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatatase acid phosphatase, Bilirubin, SGPT, SGOT, calcium, Diastase, Lipase). 3. Examination of sputum and faeces (microscopic & staining). 4. Practice in injecting drugs by intramuscular, subcutaneous and intravenous routes, withdrawal of blood samples.

1.5 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

THEORY(75 Hours)

Scope of Anatomy and physiology. Definition of various terms used in Anatomy. Structure of cell, function of its components with special reference to mitochondria and microsomes.

Elementary tissues: Elementary tissues of the body, i.e. epithelial tissue, muscular tissue, connective tissue and nervous tissue.

Skeltal System: Structure and function of Skelton .Classification of joints and their function. Joint disorders.

Cardiovascular System: Composition of blood, functions of blood elements. Blood group and coagulation of blood. Brief information regarding disorders of blood. Name and functions of lymph glands. Structure and functions of various parts of the heart .Arterial and venous system with special reference to the names and positions of main arteries and veins. Blood pressure and its recording. Brief information about cardiovascular disorders.

Respiratory system: Various parts of respiratory system and their functions, physiology of respiration.

Urinary System: Various parts of urinary system and their functions, structure and functions of kidney. Physiology of urine formation. Patho-physiology of renal diseases and edema.

Muscular System: Structure of skeletal muscle, physiology of muscle contraction. Names, positions, attachments and functions of various skeletal muscles. physiology of neuromuscular junction.

Central Nervous System: Various parts of central nervous system, brain and its parts, functions and reflex action. Anatomy and physiology of automatic nervous system.

Sensory Organs: Elementary knowledge of structure and functions of the organs of taste, smell, ear, eye and skin. Physiology of pain.

2.1 PHARMACEUTICS II

(Dispensing Pharmacy)

THEORY (75 Hours)

Prescriptions -Reading and understanding of prescriptions; Latin terms commonly used (Detailed study is not necessary), Modern methods of prescribing, adoption of metric system. Calculations involved in dispensing. Incompatibilities in prescriptions - study of various types of incompatibilities-physical, chemical and therapeutic. Posology - Dose and dosage of drugs, factors influencing dose, calculations of doses on the basis of age, sex, surface area and veterinary doses. Dispensed Medications : (Note: A detailed study of the following dispensed medication is necessary. Methods of preparation with theoretical and practical aspects, use of appropriate containers and closures. special labeling requirements and storage conditions should be high-lighted). Powders -Type of powders-Advantages and disadvantages of powders, Granules, cachets and tablet triturates. preparation of different types of powders encountered in prescriptions. Weighing methods, possible errors in weighing, minimum weighable amounts and weighing of a material below the minimum weighable amount, geometric dilution and proper usage and care of dispensing balance.

Liquid oral Dosage forms: Monophasic -Theoretical aspects including commonly used vehicles, essential adjuvant like stabilizers, colorants and flavors, with examples. Review of the following monophasic liquids with details of formulation and practical methods. Liquids for internal administration Liquids for external administration or used on mucous membranes Mixtures and concentrates, Gargles Syrups Mouth washes Throat-paints Elixirs Douches Ear Drops Nasal drops Sprays Liniments Lotions.

Biphasic Liquid Dosage Forms: Suspensions (elementary study)-Suspensions containing diffusible solids and liquids and their preparations. Study of the adjuvant used like thickening agents, wetting agents, their necessity and quantity to be incorporated ,suspensions of precipitate forming liquids like tinctures, their preparations and stability. suspensions produced by chemical reaction. An introduction to flocculated /non-flocculated suspension system. Emulsions -Types of emulsions, identification of emulsion system, formulation of emulsions, selection of emulsifying agent. Instabilities in emulsions, preservation of emulsions.

Semi-Solid Dosage Forms: Ointments: Types of ointments, classification and selection of dermatological vehicles. Preparation and stability of ointments by the following processes: Trituration fusion chemical reaction Emulsification. Pastes : Differences between ointments and pastes, Bases of pastes. preparation of pastes and their preservation. Jellies : An introduction to the different types of jellies and their preparation. An elementary study of poultice. Suppositories and peassaries -Their relative merits and demerits, types of suppositories, suppository bases , classification, properties. preparation and packing of suppositories. Use of suppositories of drug absorption. Dental and cosmetic preparations : Introduction to Dentifrices, facial cosmetics, Deodorants. Anti- perspirants, shampoo, Hair dressings and Hair removers. Sterile Dosage forms:

Parenteral dosage forms -Definition, General requirements for parenteral dosage forms. Types of parenteral formulations, vehicles, adjuvant, processing and personnel, Facilities and quality control. Preparation of Intravenous fluids and admixtures-Total parenteral nutrition, Dialysis fluids. Sterility testing: particulate matter monitoring- Faculty seal packaging. Ophthalmic products: study of essential characteristics of different ophthalmic preparations. Formulation: additives, special precautions in handling and storage of ophthalmic products.

PRACTICAL (100 hours)

Dispensing of at least 100 products covering a wide range of preparations such as mixtures, emulsion, solutions, liniments, E.N.T. preparations. Ointments, suppositories, powders, incompatible prescriptions etc.

Books recommended: (Latest editions)

1. Indian Pharmacopoeia. 2. British pharmacopoeia. 3. National formularies(N.F.I.,B.N.P) 4. Remington's pharmaceutical sciences. 5. Martindale's Extra pharmacopoeia.

2.2 PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY II

THEORY (100 hours)

1. Introduction to the nomenclature of organic chemical systems with particular reference to hetero-cyclic system containing up to 3 rings.
2. The chemistry of following pharmaceutical organic compounds covering their nomenclature, chemical structure, uses and the important physical and chemical properties(chemical structure of only those compounds marked with asterisk (*). The stability and storage conditions and the different type of pharmaceutical formulations of these drugs and their popular brand names.

Antiseptics and Disinfectants -Proflavine, Benzalkonium chloride, Cetrimide, Phenol, chloroxylenol, Formaldehyde solution, Hexachlophene, Nitrofurantoin. Sulphonamides - Sulphadiazine, Sulphaguanidine, Phthalylsulphathaizole, Succinylsulphathiazole, Sulphadimethoxine, Sulphamethoxypyridazine, Co-trimoxazole, sulfacetamide Antileprotic Drugs - Clofazimine , Thiambutosine, Dapsone, solapsone, Anti-tubercular Drugs - Isoniazid, PAS, Streptomycin, Rifampicin, Ethambutol, Thiacetazone, Ethionamide, cycloserine, pyrazinamide. Antimoebic and Anthelmintic Drugs - Emetine, Metronidazole, Halogenated hydroxyquinolines, Diloxanide furoate, Paromomycin , Piperazine, Mebendazole ,D.E.C.* Antibiotics - Benzyl penicillin, Phenoxy methyl penicillin, Benzathine penicillin, Ampicillin, Cloxacillin, Carbencicillin, Gentamicin, Neomycin, Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Cephalexin, Cephaloridine, Cephalothin, Griseofulvin, Chloramphenicol. Antifungal agents - Udecylenic acid, Tolnaftate, Nystatin, Amphotericin, Hamycin. Antimalarial Drugs -Chloroquine,Amodiaquine, Primaquine, Proguanil, Pyrimethamine, Quinine, Trimethoprim. Tranquilizers -Chlorpromazine, Prochlorperazine, Trifluoperazine, Thiothixene, Haloperiodol, Triperiodol, Oxypertine, Chlordizepoxide, Diazepam, Lorazepam, Meprobamate. Hypnotics- Phenobarbitone, Butobarbitone, Cylobarbitone, Nitrazepam, Glutethimide, Methyprylon, Paraldehyde, Triclofosodium. General Anaesthetics -Halothane, Cyclopropane, Diethyl ether, Methohexital sodium, Thiopecal sodium, Trichloroethylene. Antidepressant Drugs - Amitriptyline, Nortryptyline, Imperamine, Phepelzine, Tranylcypromine. Analeptics - Theophylline, Caffeine, Coramine, Dextro-amphetamine.

General anaesthetics- adjunction to anaesthesia, intravenous anaesthetics. Analgesic antipyretics and non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs- Narcotic analgesics. Antirheumatic and anti-gout remedies. Sedatives and Hypnotics, psychopharmacological agents, anticonvulsants, analeptics. Centrally acting muscle relaxants and anti parkinsonism agents. Local anesthetics. Drugs acting on autonomic nervous system. Cholinergic drugs, Anticholinergic drugs, anticholinesterase drugs. Adrenergic drugs and adrenergic receptor blockers. Neurone blockers and ganglion blockers. Neuromuscular blockers, used in myasthenia gravis. Drugs acting on eye: Mydriatics, drugs used in glaucoma.

Drugs acting on respiratory system Respiratory stimulants, Bronchodilators, Nasal decongestants, Expectorants and Antitussive agents.

Autocoids : physiological role of histamine and serotonin, Histamine and Antihistamines, prostaglandins.

Cardio vascular drugs Cardiotonics, Antiarrhythmic agents, Anti-anginal agents, Antihypertensive agents, peripheral Vasodilators and drugs used in atherosclerosis. Drugs acting on the blood and blood forming organs. Haematinics, coagulants and anticoagulants, Haemostatic , Blood substitutes and plasma expanders.

Drugs affecting renal function - Diuretics and anti-diuretics.

Hormones and hormone antagonists - Hypoglycemic agents, Anti--thyroid drugs, sex hormones and oral contraceptives , corticosteroids.

Drugs acting on digestive system -carminatives, digest ants, Bitters, Antacids and drugs used in peptic ulcer, purgatives ,and laxatives, Antidiarrohoeals, Emetics, Anti-emetics, Antispasmodics.

Chemotherapy of microbial diseases : Urinary antiseptics, sulphonamides, penicillin, streptomycin, Tetracyclines and other antibiotics. Anti- tubercular agents, Antifungal agents, antiviral drugs, anti-leprotic drugs. Chemotherapy of protozoal diseases, Anthelmintic drugs. Chemotherapy of cancer.

Disinfectants and antiseptics.

PHARMACOLOGY

PRACTICAL (50 hours)

1. The first six of the following experiments will be done by the students while 2. the remaining will be demonstrated by the teacher. 3. Effect of potassium and calcium ions, acetylcholine and adrenaline on frog's heart. 4. Effect of acetyl choline on rectus abdomens muscle of frog and guinea pig ileum. 5. Effect of spasmogens and relaxants on rabbits intestine. 6. Effect of local anaesthetics on rabbit cornea. 7. Effect of mydriatics and miotics on rabbit's eye. 8. To study the action of strychnine on frog. 9. Effect of digitalis on frog's heart. 10. Effect of hypnotics in mice.

11. Effect of convulsants and anticonvulsant in mice or rats. 12. Test for pyrogens. 13. Taming and hypnosis potentiating effect of chlorpromazine in mice/rats. 14. Effect of diphenhydramine in experimentally produced asthma in guinea pigs.

2.4 PHARMACEUTICAL JURISPRUDENCE

THEORY (50 hours)

Origin and nature of pharmaceutical legislation in India , its scope and objectives. Evolution of the "Concept of pharmacy" as an integral part of the Health care system.

Principles and significance of professional Ethics. Critical study of the code of pharmaceutical Ethics drafted by pharmacy council of India.

Pharmacy Act,1948 -The General study of the pharmacy Act with special reference to Education Regulations ,Working of state and central councils, constitution of these councils and functions, Registration procedures under the Act.

The Drugs and Cosmetics Act,1940 -General study of the Drugs and cosmetics Act and the Rules there under. Definitions and salient features related to retail and whole sale distribution of drugs. The powers of Inspectors, the sampling procedures and the procedure and formalities in obtaining licenses under the rule. Facilities to be provided for running a pharmacy effectively. General study of the schedules with special reference to schedules C,C1,F,G,J,H,P and X and salient features of labeling and storage conditions of drugs.

The Drugs and Magic Remedies (objectionable Advertisement)Act, 1954 -General study of the Act, objectives , special reference to be laid on Advertisements, magic remedies and objections1 and permitted advertisements -diseases which cannot be claimed to be cured.

Narcotic Drugs and psychotropic substances Act,1985 -A brief study of the act with special reference to its objectives, offences and punishment.

Brief introduction to the study of the following acts: Latest Drugs (price control) order in force.

Poisons Act 1919(as amended to date)

Medicinal and Toilet preparations (excise Duties) Act, 1955 ( as amended to date ).

Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971(as amended to date).

Books recommended:(Latest editions) Bare Acts of the said laws published by Government.

Non-sterile manufacture -Liquid orals, externals, Bulk concentrates. Procurement of stores and testing of raw materials.

Nomenclature and uses of surgical instruments and Hospital Equipments and health accessories. P.T.C.(pharmacy Therapeutic Committee)

Hospital Formulary system and their organization, functioning, composition.

Drug Information service and Drug Information Bulletin.

Surgical dressing like cotton, gauze, bandages and adhesive tapes including their pharmacopoeial tests for quality. Other hospital supply eg. I.V.sets, B.G. sets, Ryals tubes, Catheters, Syringes etc . Application of computers in maintenance of records, inventory control, medication monitoring, drug information and data storage and retrieval in hospital retail pharmacy establishment.

Part II: Clinical Pharmacy:

Introduction to Clinical pharmacy practice - Definition, scope.

Modern dispensing aspects - Pharmacists and patient counseling and advice for the use of common drugs, medication history.

Common daily terminology used in the practice of Medicine.

Disease, manifestation and patho-physiology including salient symptoms to understand the disease like Tuberculosis, Hepatitis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Cardio-vascular diseases, Epilepsy, Diabetes, Peptic Ulcer, Hypertension.

Physiological parameters with their significance.

Drug Interactions: Definition and introduction. Mechanism of Drug Interaction. Drug-drug interaction with reference to analgesics, diuretics, cardiovascular drugs, Gastro-intestinal agents. Vitamins and Hypoglycemic agents. Drug-food interaction. Adverse Drug Reaction: Definition and significance. Drug-Induced diseases and Teratogenicity.

Drugs in Clinical Toxicity - Introduction, general treatment of poisoning, systemic antidotes, Treatment of insecticide poisoning, heavy metal poison, Narcotic drugs, Barbiturate, Organo-phosphorus poisons.

Drug dependences , drug abuse, addictive drugs and their treatment, complications.

Bio-availability of drugs , including factors affecting it.

Books Recommended:(Latest editions)

1. Remington's pharmaceutical sciences. 2. Testing of raw materials used in (1). 3. Evaluation of surgical dressings. 4. Sterilization of surgical instruments, glassware and other hospital supplies. 5. Handling and use of data processing equipments.