Docsity
Log inSign up
Docsity
Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips
Sell on Docsity
Sell on Docsity
Log inSign up

Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Find documents

Prepare for your exams with the study notes shared by other students like you on Docsity

Search Store documents

The best documents sold by students who completed their studies

Search through all study resources
Docsity AINEW

Summarize your documents, ask them questions, convert them into quizzes and concept maps

Explore questions

Clear up your doubts by reading the answers to questions asked by your fellow students

Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Share documents
download point icon20 Points

For each uploaded document

Answer questions
download point icon5 Points

For each given answer (max 1 per day)

All the ways to get free points
Get points immediately

Choose a premium plan with all the points you need

Study Opportunities

Choose your next study program

Get in touch with the best universities in the world. Search through thousands of universities and official partners

Community

Ask the community

Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts

University Rankings

Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users

Free resources

Our save-the-student-ebooks!

Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors

From our blog

Exams and Study
Go to the blog

Concept Reinforcement Exam 3: Musculoskeletal and Neurological Disorders, Study notes of Pathophysiology

Galen Health Institute - Tampa BayPathophysiology

This exam focuses on reinforcing key concepts related to musculoskeletal and neurological disorders. It covers a wide range of topics, including bursitis, duchenne muscular dystrophy, osteoporosis, myositis ossificans, psoriatic arthritis, scoliosis, paget's disease, giant cell tumor, neuropathic osteoarthropathy, compartment syndrome, gouty arthritis, osteoarthritis, osteosarcoma, myopia, meniere's disease, conductive hearing loss, macular degeneration, retinal detachment, hearing loss types, glaucoma, presbyopia, sensorineural hearing impairment, otosclerosis, presbycusis, ototoxicity, trigeminal neuralgia, aneurysms, intracranial pressure (icp), bell's palsy, subarachnoid hemorrhage, arteriovenous malformations (avms), cranial nerve 3 injury, neurological prognostic signs, stroke, traumatic brain injury (tbi), glasgow coma scale, hemorrhagic stroke, parkinson's disease, seizures, cerebrospinal fluid (csf) leakage, cushing reflex, and acute brain ischemia.

Typology: Study notes

2023/2024

Uploaded on 11/01/2024

sadora-1
sadora-1 🇺🇸

1 document

1 / 6

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
Concept reinforcement exam 3
●What contributes to bursitis.
●faulty mechanics of the joint, repetitive movement, or direct trauma
contributes to the bursal sac becoming inflamed = bursitis
●Duchenne MS – what contributes to symptoms of enlarged calf muscles.
○infiltration of fat cells and degeneration of muscle fibers; shown in
children of male genders
●What medication class contributes to developing osteoporosis?
○corticosteroid drugs (such as prednisone) and high doses of thyroid
hormone supplementation, heparin, antiepileptic agents,
gonadotropin-releasing hormone agents, aromatase inhibitors,
cytotoxic/immunosuppressive drugs
●Pain in myositis ossificans- teaching clients
○rest, ice, compression, take anti inflammatory medications
●Clinical manifestation of psoriatic arthritis
○a combination of soft tissue and peripheral joint disease. inflammation
occurs in the joints as well as the periosteum, along the tendon and at
tendon insertions in bone (enthesitis). fusiform of the digits
(dactylitis) is common. skin changes include: erythematous raised
papular or plaquelike lesions with characteristic scales. nail
involvement includes pitting and onycholysis (raised transverse
thickening and longitudinal ridging).
●Damage to elbow joint capsule will result in what.
○damage to the elbow joint capsule will result in the loss of full range
of motion and mobility.
●Characteristics of scoliosis
○scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine by 10 degrees or more from
the normal vertical line that results in an S- or a C-shaped spinal
column. scoliosis may be described as nonstructural or structural;
nonstructural scoliosis -> postural problems, nerve root inflammation,
or compensation caused by leg length discrepancy or contracture in
the cervical spine. structural scoliosis -> lateral curve of the spine that
fails to correct itself on forced bending against the curvature and has
vertebral rotation.
○congenital scoliosis = present at birth resulting from anomalies during
fetal spine development and is evident within the first 3 years of life
avulsion
fracture
=
patella
fructure
compact
fractures
bone
to
bone
fracture
-
calification
of
blood
inflammation
swelling
,
capsule
is
thickening
as
pf3
pf4
pf5

Partial preview of the text

Download Concept Reinforcement Exam 3: Musculoskeletal and Neurological Disorders and more Study notes Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity!

Concept reinforcement exam 3 ● What contributes to bursitis. ● faulty mechanics of the joint, repetitive movement, or direct trauma contributes to the bursal sac becoming inflamed = bursitis ● Duchenne MS – what contributes to symptoms of enlarged calf muscles. ○ infiltration of fat cells and degeneration of muscle fibers; shown in children of male genders ● What medication class contributes to developing osteoporosis? ○ corticosteroid drugs (such as prednisone) and high doses of thyroid hormone supplementation, heparin, antiepileptic agents, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agents, aromatase inhibitors, cytotoxic/immunosuppressive drugs ● Pain in myositis ossificans- teaching clients ○ rest, ice, compression, take anti inflammatory medications ● Clinical manifestation of psoriatic arthritis ○ a combination of soft tissue and peripheral joint disease. inflammation occurs in the joints as well as the periosteum, along the tendon and at tendon insertions in bone (enthesitis). fusiform of the digits (dactylitis) is common. skin changes include: erythematous raised papular or plaquelike lesions with characteristic scales. nail involvement includes pitting and onycholysis (raised transverse thickening and longitudinal ridging). ● Damage to elbow joint capsule will result in what. ○ damage to the elbow joint capsule will result in the loss of full range of motion and mobility. ● Characteristics of scoliosis ○ scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine by 10 degrees or more from the normal vertical line that results in an S- or a C-shaped spinal column. scoliosis may be described as nonstructural or structural; nonstructural scoliosis - > postural problems, nerve root inflammation, or compensation caused by leg length discrepancy or contracture in the cervical spine. structural scoliosis - > lateral curve of the spine that fails to correct itself on forced bending against the curvature and has vertebral rotation. ○ congenital scoliosis = present at birth resulting from anomalies during fetal spine development and is evident within the first 3 years of life avulsion

fracture = patella

fructure

compact (^) fractures bone to bone^ fracture

  • calification of^ blood inflammation swelling,capsuleisthickeningas

○ adolescent idiopathic scoliosis = most common and presents after 10 years of age ○ progressive scoliosis = exceeds 45 - 50 degrees by skeletal maturity and will likely worsen into adulthood; more serious and involves deformity of the vertebrae and asymmetric changes in hip, shoulder, and side bending positions ● Paget disease symptoms ○ bone pain, fatigue, joint stiffness. affected bones softened and tend to bend. as the disease progresses, irregular subperiosteal bone formation occurs and causes bone to become thick and hard - > compression of cranial bones - > vertigo, blindness, deafness (w/ or w/o tinnitus), headaches, and facial paralysis. ● Risk factors for developing giant cell tumor. ○ AKA osteoclastoma; exposure to radiation therapy, women are more likely to develop giant cell tumor, commonly occurs during third decade of life ● Healing of toe fracture delay ○ the cause of delay might be either due to distraction of fracture fragments or the consequence of systemic causes such as infection. smoking, malnutrition, use of corticosteroids, and poor vascular circulation to the area can delay healing. ● Disease process associated with neuropathic osteoarthropathy. ○ AKA Charcot joint; a loss in normal proprioception and pain responses. combination of neurovascular and neurotraumatic processes. peripheral nerve injuries, diabetes, pernicious anemia, alcoholism, and multiple sclerosis can lead to Charcot joint ● Pain in compartment syndrome ○ the muscles and nerves become ischemic (lack of blood and oxygen) resulting in excruciating pain and tissue damage. ● Gouty arthritis cause ○ a rise in uric acid levels; a deposition of monosodium urate salts ● Risk factors for osteoarthritis. ○ postmenopausal women, obesity, joint trauma, congenital disorders ● What type of fracture is an avulsion fracture of patella? ○ the separation of a small fragment of bone at the site of attachment of a ligament or tendon ● Etiology of gout

○ abnormal removal of mature dense otic capsule bone by osteoclasts which are replaced by bone of greater cellularity and thickness by osteoblasts (abnormal bone remodeling and formation) growth of spongelike bony lesions in the middle ear ● Who is at greatest risk for developing presbycusis? ○ the elderly (old age hearing loss) ● Pathophysiology of ototoxicity from loop diuretic ○ affects the hair cells of the cochlea ● Trigeminal neuralgia – what causes the pain. ○ damage to the trigeminal nerve ● Pathophysiology of aneurysms in the brain ○ congenital defects of the medial layer of the artery - > structural weakness that permits gradual ballooning at the site as a consequence of arterial pressure - > ● Symptoms of ICP ○ headache, altering LOC, nausea, vomiting ● Cause and symptoms of Bell’s palsy. ○ temporary facial paralysis due to inflammation of cranial nerve VII ○ causes: herpes zoster, otitis media, Lyme disease, GBS, HIV infection, sarcoidosis, Sjogren syndrome, tumor, stroke, or Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome. ○ symptoms: develops rapidly in 24 - 48 hours - > facial movement begins to recover in approximately 3 weeks; physical examination shows unilateral facial weakness with facial droop and diminished eye blink, hyperacusis, and decreased lacrimation. may also complain of heavy sensation ● Subarachnoid hemorrhage symptoms ○ severe headache ● Arteriovenous malformations AVM’s ○ capillary system fails to develop appropriately during fetal or embryonic development = a direct, fistulous connection between an artery and vein without a normal capillary bed. vessels progressively enlarge and AVMs are vulnerable to subarachnoid hemorrhage. ruptures during childhood or early adulthood due to physical activity ● Symptoms of cranial nerve 3 injury ○ not responsive to light ● Symptoms of neurological poor prognostic sign LOC = (^) level of^ consciousness

● Manifestations of right cerebral hemisphere stroke ○ left sided weakness, foot drop, outward rotation of the leg, dependent edema ● Pathologic process of TBI ○ focal (coup): injury localized to the site of the impact to the skull ○ polar (coup contrecoup) occur as a consequence of the brain shifting within the skull and meninges during acceleration/deceleration movement (example: MVA when the head is traveling at the same speed as the vehicle and abruptly stops) ○ diffuse: brain shifts and rotates causing stretching and tearing of the axonal white matter - > causing widespread neuronal damage - > coma ● Glascow Coma Scale indication of poorest neurologic functioning ○ 8 or less ● Highest risk for hemorrhagic stroke ○ those with chronic hypertension; systolic more than 200 ● Classic symptoms of Parkinson’s disease ○ tremors at rest, loss of flexibility, aching, fatigue, loss of facial expression, rigidity, hypokinesia = slow/shuffling gait, infrequent eye blinking = would be prescribed artificial tears ● Pathogenesis of seizures ○ results from an alteration in membrane potential that makes certain neurons abnormally hyperactive and hypersensitive to changes in their environment. glutamine contributes to cell membrane depolarization. ○ tonic-clonic seizures: tonic phase involves sudden loss of consciousness followed by muscle rigidity. may last 10 - 15 seconds is there is often violent but rhythmic muscular contractions. clonic phase lasts 1 - 2 minutes with a gradual decline in the amplitude of the clonic jerks ● Leakage of CSF is associated with? ○ basal skull fracture ● Symptom of Cushing reflex in in acute brain ischemia is due to? ○ an extreme increase in ICP precipitating an intense reaction from the sympathetic nervous system as it attempts to maintain cerebral perfusion ● Focal onset impaired awareness seizure

lack of^ dopamine

↑ Nat

↓ k

, subarachnoid^ hemorrhage