Computer science vocabulary | Cheat Sheet C programming

A program is a set of instructions that a computer follows to perform a task.

The physical devices that a computer is made of are referred to as hardware.

The part of a computer that runs programs is called cpu

Today, CPUs are small chips known as Microprocessors

The computer stores a program while the program is running as well as the data that the

program is working with in main memory/RAM

A type of memory that can hold data for long periods of time-even when there is no power to the

computer-is called secondary storage

A component that collects data from people or other devices and sends it to the computer is

called an input device

A video display is an output device.

A byte is enough memory to store a letter of the alphabet or a small number

A byte is made of eight bits

In a binary numbering system, all numeric values are written as sequences of 0s and 1s

A bit that is turned off represents the following value 0

A set of 128 numeric codes that represent the English letters, various punctuation marks, and

other characters is ASCII

An extensive encoding scheme that can represent the characters of many of the languages in

the world is unicode

Negative numbers are encoded using the two’s complement technique

Real numbers are encoded using the floating point technique

The tiny dots of color that digital images are composed of are called pixels

If you were to look at a machine language program, you would see a stream of Binary

numbers

In the decode part of the fetch-decode-execute cycle, the CPU determines which operation it

should perform.

Computers can only execute programs that are written in Machine language

The assembler translates an assembly language program to a machine language program

The words that make up a high-level programming language are called Key/reserved words

The rules that must be followed when writing a program are called syntax

A compiler program translates a high-level language program into a separate machine

language program

Word processing programs, spreadsheet programs, email programs, web browsers, and games

are all examples of application software

Windows, Mac OS, iOS, Android, and Linux are all examples of system software

A logic error does not prevent the program from running, but causes it to produce incorrect

results

A algorithm is a set of well-defined logical steps that must be taken to perform a task

An informal language that has no syntax rules, and is not meant to be compiled or executed is

called psuedocode

A flowchart is a diagram that graphically depicts the steps that take place in a program

A sequence structure is a set of statements that execute in the order that they appear

String is a sequence of characters that is used as data

Variable is a storage location in memory that is represented by a name

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A program is a set of instructions that a computer follows to perform a task. The physical devices that a computer is made of are referred to as hardware. The part of a computer that runs programs is called cpu Today, CPUs are small chips known as Microprocessors The computer stores a program while the program is running as well as the data that the program is working with in main memory/RAM A type of memory that can hold data for long periods of time-even when there is no power to the computer-is called secondary storage A component that collects data from people or other devices and sends it to the computer is called an input device A video display is an output device. A byte is enough memory to store a letter of the alphabet or a small number A byte is made of eight bits In a binary numbering system, all numeric values are written as sequences of 0s and 1s A bit that is turned off represents the following value 0 A set of 128 numeric codes that represent the English letters, various punctuation marks, and other characters is ASCII An extensive encoding scheme that can represent the characters of many of the languages in the world is unicode Negative numbers are encoded using the two’s complement technique Real numbers are encoded using the floating point technique The tiny dots of color that digital images are composed of are called pixels If you were to look at a machine language program, you would see a stream of Binary numbers In the decode part of the fetch-decode-execute cycle, the CPU determines which operation it should perform. Computers can only execute programs that are written in Machine language The assembler translates an assembly language program to a machine language program The words that make up a high-level programming language are called Key/reserved words The rules that must be followed when writing a program are called syntax A compiler program translates a high-level language program into a separate machine language program Word processing programs, spreadsheet programs, email programs, web browsers, and games are all examples of application software Windows, Mac OS, iOS, Android, and Linux are all examples of system software A logic error does not prevent the program from running, but causes it to produce incorrect results A algorithm is a set of well-defined logical steps that must be taken to perform a task An informal language that has no syntax rules, and is not meant to be compiled or executed is called psuedocode A flowchart is a diagram that graphically depicts the steps that take place in a program A sequence structure is a set of statements that execute in the order that they appear String is a sequence of characters that is used as data Variable is a storage location in memory that is represented by a name

User is any hypothetical person that is using a program and providing input for it Prompt is a message that tells or asks the user to enter a specific value Assignment statement sets a variable to a specified value In the expression 12 + 7 the values on the right and left of the + symbol are called operands A exponent operator raises a number to a power Modulus operator performs division, but instead of returning the quotient it returns the remainder Variable declaration specifies a variable’s name and the data type Assigning a value to a variable in a declaration statement is called initialization Named constant is a variable whose content is a value that is read only and cannot be changed during the program’s execution A debugging process in which you imagine that you are the computer executing a program is called hand tracing Short notes placed in different parts of a program, explaining how those parts of the program work, are called comments A group of statements that exist within a program for the purpose of performing a specific tast is a module A benefit of using modules that helps to reduce the duplication of code within a program is code reuse The first line of a module definition is known as the header You call the module to execute it A return point is the memory address of the location in the program that the computer will return to when a module ends A design technique that programmers use to break down an algorithm into modules is known as top-down design A hierarchy chart is a diagram that gives a visual representation of the relationships between modules in a program A local variable is a variable that is declared inside a module A scope is the part of a program in which a variable may be accessed A argument is a piece of data that is sent into a module A parameter is a special variable that receives a piece of data when a module is called When passing a variable by value only a copy of the argument’s value is passed into a parameter variable When passing an argument by reference the module can modify the argument in the calling part of the program A variable is a visible to every module in the program is a global variable When possible, you should avoid using global variables in a program A decision structure can execute a set of statements only under certain circumstances A single alternative decision structure provides one alternative path of execution In pseudocode, the If-then statement is an example of a decision structure/ single alternative decision structure Boolean expression has a value of either true or false The symbols >, < == are all relational operators

Declare Integer counter, total = 0 For counter = 1 to 5 Set total = total + counter End For

Library function is a prewritten function that is built into a programming language Black box is a term that describes any mechanism that accepts input, performs some operation that cannot be seen on the input, and produces output A Header is part of a function definition that specifies the data type of the value the function returns Body is part of a function definition that is comprised of one or more statements that are executed when the function is called In psuedocode, the return statement causes a function to end and sends a value back to the part of the program that called the function IPO chart is a design tool that describes the input, processing, and output of a function Boolean type function returns either True or False toReal function is used to convert an integer data type to a real number data type Mismatch error occurs when you try to assign a value of one data type to a variable of another data type. Substring function is used to find a string within a given string GIGO stands for garbage in garbage out The integrity of a program’s output is only as good as the integrity of it’s input The input operation that appears just before a validation loop is known as the priming read Validation loops are also known as error traps/ error handlers An error that reads empty input describes an input operation that attempts to read data, but there is no data to read

Computer science vocabulary, Cheat Sheet of C programming

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