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Computer Evolution and Performance: From ENIAC to Pentium IV, Slides of Microprocessor and Assembly Language Programming

An in-depth exploration of the history of computer evolution and performance, starting with the creation of eniac in 1943 and continuing through the development of transistors, microelectronics, and various generations of computers. Key milestones include the introduction of the stored program concept, commercial computers, and the emergence of microprocessors. The document also covers the impact of moore's law on cpu development and the challenges of performance mismatch between processors and memory.

Typology: Slides

2012/2013

Uploaded on 04/24/2013

banani
banani 🇮🇳

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Chapter 2
Computer Evolution and
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Chapter 2 Computer Evolution and Performance

ENIAC - background

  • Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
  • Eckert and Mauchly
  • University of Pennsylvania
  • Trajectory tables for weapons
  • Started 1943
  • Finished 1946 —Too late for war effort
  • Used until 1955

von Neumann/Turing

  • Stored Program concept
  • Main memory storing programs and data
  • ALU operating on binary data
  • Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and executing
  • Input and output equipment operated by control unit
  • Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies —IAS
  • Completed 1952

Structure of von Neumann machine

Structure of IAS – detail

Flow Chart of IAS Operation

IBM

  • Punched-card processing equipment
  • 1953 - the 701 —IBM’s first stored program computer —Scientific calculations
  • 1955 - the 702 —Business applications
  • Lead to 700/7000 series

Transistors

  • Replaced vacuum tubes
  • Smaller
  • Cheaper
  • Less heat dissipation
  • Solid State device
  • Made from Silicon (Sand)
  • Invented 1947 at Bell Labs

Microelectronics

  • Literally - ―small electronics‖
  • A computer is made up of gates, memory cells and interconnections
  • These can be manufactured on a semiconductor
  • e.g. silicon wafer (IC)

Generations of Computer

  • Vacuum tube - 1946-
  • Transistor - 1958-
  • Small scale integration - 1965 on —Up to 100 devices on a chip
  • Medium scale integration - to 1971 —100-3,000 devices on a chip
  • Large scale integration - 1971- —3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip
  • Very large scale integration - 1978 to date —100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip
  • Ultra large scale integration —Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip

Growth in CPU Transistor Count

IBM 360 series

  • 1964
  • Replaced (& not compatible with) 7000 series
  • First planned ―family‖ of computers —Similar or identical instruction sets —Similar or identical O/S —Increasing speed —Increasing number of I/O ports (i.e. more terminals) —Increased memory size —Increased cost

DEC - PDP-8 Bus Structure

OMNIBUS

Console Controller

CPU Main Memory^ I/OModule I/OModule

Semiconductor Memory

  • 1970
  • Fairchild
  • Size of a single core —i.e. 1 bit of magnetic core storage
  • Holds 256 bits
  • Non-destructive read
  • Much faster than core
  • Capacity approximately doubles each year