Computer Evolution and Performance: From ENIAC to Pentium IV, Slides of Microprocessor and Assembly Language Programming

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Chapter 2 Computer Evolution and Performance

ENIAC - background

• Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
• Eckert and Mauchly
• University of Pennsylvania
• Trajectory tables for weapons
• Started 1943
• Finished 1946 —Too late for war effort
• Used until 1955

von Neumann/Turing

• Stored Program concept
• Main memory storing programs and data
• ALU operating on binary data
• Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and executing
• Input and output equipment operated by control unit
• Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies —IAS
• Completed 1952

Structure of von Neumann machine

Structure of IAS – detail

Flow Chart of IAS Operation

IBM

• Punched-card processing equipment
• 1953 - the 701 —IBM’s first stored program computer —Scientific calculations
• 1955 - the 702 —Business applications
• Lead to 700/7000 series

Transistors

• Replaced vacuum tubes
• Smaller
• Cheaper
• Less heat dissipation
• Solid State device
• Made from Silicon (Sand)
• Invented 1947 at Bell Labs

Microelectronics

• Literally - ―small electronics‖
• A computer is made up of gates, memory cells and interconnections
• These can be manufactured on a semiconductor
• e.g. silicon wafer (IC)

Generations of Computer

• Vacuum tube - 1946-
• Transistor - 1958-
• Small scale integration - 1965 on —Up to 100 devices on a chip
• Medium scale integration - to 1971 —100-3,000 devices on a chip
• Large scale integration - 1971- —3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip
• Very large scale integration - 1978 to date —100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip
• Ultra large scale integration —Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip

Growth in CPU Transistor Count

IBM 360 series

• 1964
• Replaced (& not compatible with) 7000 series
• First planned ―family‖ of computers —Similar or identical instruction sets —Similar or identical O/S —Increasing speed —Increasing number of I/O ports (i.e. more terminals) —Increased memory size —Increased cost

DEC - PDP-8 Bus Structure

OMNIBUS

Console Controller

CPU Main Memory^ I/OModule I/OModule

Semiconductor Memory

• 1970
• Fairchild
• Size of a single core —i.e. 1 bit of magnetic core storage
• Holds 256 bits
• Non-destructive read
• Much faster than core
• Capacity approximately doubles each year