Computer architecture and 8086 architecture, Slides of Computer Architecture and Organization

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Computer Organization and

Architecture

Subject Coordinator: Akwinder Kaur

Subject Code: CST-

TOPIC: Instruction Set

Architecture

Department of Computer and Communication Engineering (C

• (^) To familiarize students with the concepts related to instructions
• (^) To learn the various levels of programming languages
• (^) To know the different instruction set architectures

Learning Objectives

(CSE)

• (^) Instruction set architecture(ISA) is the set of processor design techniques used to implement the instruction work flow on hardware.
• (^) In more practical words, ISA tells you that how your processor going to process your program instructions.

Instruction Set Architecture

(CSE)

Instruction Set Architecture

Fig 1: Instruction set architecture [1]

(CSE)

Categories of Programming

Language

Fig 2: Categories of Programming language [2]

(CSE)

Assembly Language

• (^) Assembly language is a middle-level programming language for a computer or other programmable device specific to a particular computer architecture in contrast to most high-level programming languages, which are generally portable across multiple systems.
• (^) Assembly language is converted into executable machine code by a utility program referred to as an assembler.
• (^) Assembly language consist of various instruction like ADD, LDA, STA, MOV, MVI, HLT etc.

(CSE)

Instruction

• (^) Operation Code(OpCode) The operation code of an instruction is a group of bits that define such operations as add, subtract, multiply, shift and complement. Example: ADD, LDA, STA, MOV, MVI, HLT etc.
• (^) Operand Data: Value/Register/Memory Addressing Modes

(CSE)

Addressing Modes

• (^) How data is being assigned/addressed to

instructions is called addressing mode.

• (^) Generally addressing modes are

divided as:

• (^) Direct addressing(Figure: b)
• (^) Indirect addressing(Figure: c)
  • (^) Effective address?
• (^) Effective address(EA)?
• (^) EA = Base Address + Given Address

(CSE)

Types: Addressing Modes

• (^) Implied Mode- operands are specified implicitly in the instruction itself.
• (^) Immediate Mode- the address field contains the operand itself instead of the address of the operand.
• (^) Register Mode- the address field contains the address of a CPU register which contains the operand.
• (^) Register Indirect Mode- the address field contains the address of a register which holds the memory address of the operand.

(CSE)

Types: Addressing Modes

• (^) Relative Mode: Relative address means an address specified by indicating its distance from another address, called the base address.
• (^) Index/Based Indexed Mode: It means an address specified by indicating its distance from another base address.

(CSE)

Computer Instructions Formats

Fig 5: Basic Computer instruction formats [3]

(CSE) Table 1: Basic Computer Instructions [3]

(CSE)

Instruction Cycle: Fetch Phase

(CSE) Instruction Cycle: Fetch Phase Fig 5: Register transfers for the fetch phase [3]