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Computer Organization and
Architecture
Subject Coordinator: Akwinder Kaur
Subject Code: CST-
TOPIC: Instruction Set
Architecture
Department of Computer and Communication Engineering (C
- (^) To familiarize students with the concepts related to instructions
- (^) To learn the various levels of programming languages
- (^) To know the different instruction set architectures
Learning Objectives
(CSE)
- (^) Instruction set architecture(ISA) is the set of processor design techniques used to implement the instruction work flow on hardware.
- (^) In more practical words, ISA tells you that how your processor going to process your program instructions.
Instruction Set Architecture
(CSE)
Instruction Set Architecture
Fig 1: Instruction set architecture [1]
(CSE)
Categories of Programming
Language
Fig 2: Categories of Programming language [2]
(CSE)
Assembly Language
- (^) Assembly language is a middle-level programming language for a computer or other programmable device specific to a particular computer architecture in contrast to most high-level programming languages, which are generally portable across multiple systems.
- (^) Assembly language is converted into executable machine code by a utility program referred to as an assembler.
- (^) Assembly language consist of various instruction like ADD, LDA, STA, MOV, MVI, HLT etc.
(CSE)
Instruction
- (^) Operation Code(OpCode) The operation code of an instruction is a group of bits that define such operations as add, subtract, multiply, shift and complement. Example: ADD, LDA, STA, MOV, MVI, HLT etc.
- (^) Operand Data: Value/Register/Memory Addressing Modes
(CSE)
Addressing Modes
- (^) How data is being assigned/addressed to
instructions is called addressing mode.
- (^) Generally addressing modes are
divided as:
- (^) Direct addressing(Figure: b)
- (^) Indirect addressing(Figure: c)
- (^) Effective address(EA)?
- (^) EA = Base Address + Given Address
(CSE)
Types: Addressing Modes
- (^) Implied Mode- operands are specified implicitly in the instruction itself.
- (^) Immediate Mode- the address field contains the operand itself instead of the address of the operand.
- (^) Register Mode- the address field contains the address of a CPU register which contains the operand.
- (^) Register Indirect Mode- the address field contains the address of a register which holds the memory address of the operand.
(CSE)
Types: Addressing Modes
- (^) Relative Mode: Relative address means an address specified by indicating its distance from another address, called the base address.
- (^) Index/Based Indexed Mode: It means an address specified by indicating its distance from another base address.
(CSE)
Computer Instructions Formats
Fig 5: Basic Computer instruction formats [3]
(CSE) Table 1: Basic Computer Instructions [3]
(CSE)
Instruction Cycle: Fetch Phase
(CSE) Instruction Cycle: Fetch Phase Fig 5: Register transfers for the fetch phase [3]