Download Comprehensive Genetics Exam Terminology and Concepts and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
Genetics exam terms well
defined with a+ rated
2024\2025.
genome - Answer the entire "library" of genetic instructions in DNA that an organism inherits Gregor Mendel - Answer father of genetics allele - Answer alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) located at a specific position on a specific chromosome (a letter) dominant allele - Answer an allele that produces the same phenotype whether its paired allele is identical or different (capital letter) recessive allele - Answer an allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its paired allele is identical (lowercase letter)
genotype - Answer the combination of alleles located on homologous chromosomes that determines a specific characteristic or trait (the allelic combination such as Bb) phenotype - Answer the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, as determined by the genotype (the expressed trait such as brown eyes) homozygous - Answer term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for the same trait (ex. BB or bb) heterozygous - Answer term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait (ex. Bb) Punnett square - Answer diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross gamete (sex cell) - Answer specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction (sperm or egg) probability - Answer the possibility of different outcomes (percentage or ratio) monohybrid cross - Answer a one-trait cross (ex. color)
Law of Independent Assortment - Answer states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes non-Mendelian inheritance - Answer refers to any pattern of inheritance in which traits do not segregate in accordance with Mendel's laws (ex. incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, polygenic traits, sex-linked traits) incomplete dominance - Answer when one allele is not completely dominant over the other, or blending occurs (ex. Red + White = Pink) codominance - Answer occurs when BOTH alleles of a gene are expressed in an individual (ex. Black + White = Black & White Speckled) multiple allele traits - Answer traits that are controlled by more than two alleles (ex. ABO blood typing = A allele, B allele, & O allele) polygenic traits - Answer a trait controlled by two or more genes; produce a wide range of phenotypes sex-linked traits - Answer a trait genetically determined by an allele located on the sex chromosome
pedigree chart - Answer a diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance or phenotypes of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors from one generation to the next chromatin - Answer unraveled and long DNA (during interphase) chromosome - Answer condensed, coiled, and shorted DNA (this occurs during mitosis and meiosis) chromatids - Answer the two identical halves of a single replicated eukaryotic chromosome and joined at the centromere homologous chromosomes - Answer chromosome pairs of approximately the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern, with genes for the same characteristics at corresponding places (one homologous chromosome is inherited from the mother; the other from the father) daughter cells - Answer new cells mitosis - Answer a type of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells each with the same number of chromosomes of the parent cell
genetic variation - Answer genetic differences within a species fertilization - Answer a process in sexual reproduction in which a sperm unites with an egg to make the first cell of a new organism, or zygote zygote - Answer fertilized egg somatic cell - Answer body cell (non-sex cell) haploid (N) - Answer term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes (Humans N = 23) diploid (2N) - Answer term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homolgous chromosomes (Humans 2N = 46) chromosomal mutation - Answer mutation that affects the number or structure of whole chromosomes deletion chromosomal mutation - Answer a mutation that involves the loss of all or part of a chromosome
duplication chromosomal mutation - Answer a mutation that produces extra copies of parts of a chromosome inversion chromosomal mutation - Answer a mutation that reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome translocation chromosomal mutation - Answer a mutation that occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome nondisjunction - Answer the most common error in meiosis and occurs when homologous chromosomes fail to separate trisomy - Answer a condition in which an extra copy of a chromosome is present in the cell nuclei, causing developmental abnormalities polyploidy - Answer condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes because a complete set of chromosomes failed to separate during meiosis (ex. 3N or 4N) DNA fingerprinting - Answer an individual's unique sequence of DNA base pairs, determined by exposing a sample of the person's DNA to molecular probes
