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Various aspects of species interactions and habitats, focusing on strategies for success in general biology 101. Topics include the unique ecological roles of species, symbiosis, parasitism, mutualism, predator/prey relationships, coevolution, competition, and competition exclusion. The document also discusses the impact of competition and predation on species diversity and the concept of resource partitioning as a means of reducing competition.
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Prepared by Diana Wheat
Prepared by Diana Wheat
For General Biology 101
For General Biology 101
LinnLinn--Benton Community CollegeBenton Community College
When alarmed, the Least
When alarmed, the Least
Bittern freezes in placeBittern freezes in place
with its bill pointing up,with its bill pointing up,
turns its front and both
turns its front and both
eyes toward the source ofeyes toward the source of
alarm, and sometimesalarm, and sometimes
sways to resemble wind
sways to resemble wind
blown marsh vegetation.blown marsh vegetation.
http://
http:// www.birds.cornell.edu
www.birds.cornell.edu
Least Bittern Isobrychus exilis
The The type of placetype of place where a specieswhere a species
normally lives.
normally lives.
Includes factors of resources: Includes factors of resources:
Climate conditions
Climate conditions
SymbiosisSymbiosis: When species that spend most or: When species that spend most or
all of their life cycle in close association withall of their life cycle in close association with
each othereach other
Parasitism> Parasitism
Mutualism
Mutualism
Predator/prey> Predator/prey
CoevolutionCoevolution: Species that interact closely over: Species that interact closely over
extended periods act as selective agents on
extended periods act as selective agents on
each other.each other.
InterInterInterInter
Inter InterInter
Inter
dependencedependencedependencedependence
dependence dependencedependence
dependence
Some
Some mutualists
mutualists
can canโโt complete theirt complete their
life cycles without life cycles without
each other.
each other.
E.g. Yucca E.g. Yucca
Social ParasitesSocial Parasites Social ParasitesSocial Parasites
Social Parasites Social ParasitesSocial Parasites
Social Parasites
Brown
Brown
headed cowbirds (
headed cowbirds ( Molothrus
Molothrus ) were
) were
commensal
commensal with bison.
with bison.
.but relationship with other birds species?
.but relationship with other birds species?
Keystone SpeciesKeystone SpeciesKeystone SpeciesKeystone SpeciesKeystone SpeciesKeystone SpeciesKeystone SpeciesKeystone Species
A species that has a disproportionately A species that has a disproportionately
large effect on a community relative to its
large effect on a community relative to its
abundance.
abundance.
What happens if?What happens if?What happens if?What happens if?What happens if?What happens if? What happens if?What happens if?
Predation by sea stars Predation by sea stars
( ( PiasterPiaster ochracenusochracenus ))
normally controls musselnormally controls mussel
populations. populations.
When sea stars were removed, mussels
When sea stars were removed, mussels
crowded other invertebrates out (competitive crowded other invertebrates out (competitive
exclusion) exclusion) โ โ species diversity fell from 15species diversity fell from 15
species to 8.
species to 8. Univ of OR Library News
lsa.uoregon.edu/newsletter05/
09news.html
Periwinkles and Algae:Periwinkles and Algae:Periwinkles and Algae:Periwinkles and Algae:Periwinkles and Algae:Periwinkles and Algae:Periwinkles and Algae:Periwinkles and Algae:
Effects of Competition & PredationEffects of Competition & PredationEffects of Competition & PredationEffects of Competition & Predation
Effects of Competition & Predation Effects of Competition & PredationEffects of Competition & Predation
Effects of Competition & Predation
Competition CompetitionCompetition
CompetitionCompetitionCompetitionCompetitionCompetition
If: Resources are limited If: Resources are limited
Then: We would predict there will be Then: We would predict there will be
competition for those resources. competition for those resources.
I. I. IntraspecificIntraspecific
Interspecific
Interspecific
III.Interference
III.Interference
IV.Competitive IV.Competitive exclusionexclusion