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Success in General Biology 101: Species Interactions & Habitats, Study notes of Ecology and Environment

Various aspects of species interactions and habitats, focusing on strategies for success in general biology 101. Topics include the unique ecological roles of species, symbiosis, parasitism, mutualism, predator/prey relationships, coevolution, competition, and competition exclusion. The document also discusses the impact of competition and predation on species diversity and the concept of resource partitioning as a means of reducing competition.

Typology: Study notes

2021/2022

Uploaded on 09/12/2022

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Community
Community Community
Community
Community
Community Community
Community
Interactions
InteractionsInteractions
Interactions
Interactions
InteractionsInteractions
Interactions
Prepared by Diana Wheat
Prepared by Diana Wheat
For General Biology 101
For General Biology 101
Linn
Linn-
-Benton Community College
Benton Community College
Strategies for Success
Strategies for SuccessStrategies for Success
Strategies for Success
Strategies for Success
Strategies for SuccessStrategies for Success
Strategies for Success
When alarmed, the Least
When alarmed, the Least
Bittern freezes in place
Bittern freezes in place
with its bill pointing up,
with its bill pointing up,
turns its front and both
turns its front and both
eyes toward the source of
eyes toward the source of
alarm, and sometimes
alarm, and sometimes
sways to resemble wind
sways to resemble wind-
-
blown marsh vegetation.
blown marsh vegetation.
http://
http://www.birds.cornell.edu
www.birds.cornell.edu
Least Bittern
Isobrychus exilis
Habitat
HabitatHabitat
Habitat
Habitat
HabitatHabitat
Habitat
The
The type of place
type of place where a species
where a species
normally lives.
normally lives.
Includes factors of resources:
Includes factors of resources:
-
-Cover
Cover
-
-Food & Water availability
Food & Water availability
-
-Nesting Sites
Nesting Sites
-
-Climate conditions
Climate conditions
Niche
NicheNiche
Niche
Niche
NicheNiche
Niche
๎˜
๎˜The unique ecological
The unique ecological role
role of
of
each species in a community.
each species in a community.
๎˜
๎˜Described in terms of conditions,
Described in terms of conditions,
resources, and interactions
resources, and interactions
necessary for survival and
necessary for survival and
reproduction.
reproduction.
When species interact
When species interactWhen species interact
When species interact
When species interact
When species interactWhen species interact
When species interact
Symbiosis
Symbiosis: When species that spend most or
: When species that spend most or
all of their life cycle in close association with
all of their life cycle in close association with
each other
each other
> Parasitism
> Parasitism
> Mutualism
> Mutualism
> Predator/prey
> Predator/prey
Coevolution
Coevolution: Species that interact closely over
: Species that interact closely over
extended periods act as selective agents on
extended periods act as selective agents on
each other.
each other.
Species Interactions
Species InteractionsSpecies Interactions
Species Interactions
Species Interactions
Species InteractionsSpecies Interactions
Species Interactions
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CommunityCommunityCommunityCommunity

Community

CommunityCommunity

Community

InteractionsInteractions InteractionsInteractions

Interactions

InteractionsInteractions

Interactions

Prepared by Diana Wheat

Prepared by Diana Wheat

For General Biology 101

For General Biology 101

LinnLinn--Benton Community CollegeBenton Community College

Strategies for SuccessStrategies for Success Strategies for SuccessStrategies for Success

Strategies for Success

Strategies for SuccessStrategies for Success

Strategies for Success

When alarmed, the Least

When alarmed, the Least

Bittern freezes in placeBittern freezes in place

with its bill pointing up,with its bill pointing up,

turns its front and both

turns its front and both

eyes toward the source ofeyes toward the source of

alarm, and sometimesalarm, and sometimes

sways to resemble wind

sways to resemble wind

blown marsh vegetation.blown marsh vegetation.

http://

http:// www.birds.cornell.edu

www.birds.cornell.edu

Least Bittern Isobrychus exilis

HabitatHabitatHabitatHabitatHabitatHabitatHabitatHabitat

The The type of placetype of place where a specieswhere a species

normally lives.

normally lives.

Includes factors of resources: Includes factors of resources:

    • CoverCover
    • Food & Water availabilityFood & Water availability
    • Nesting SitesNesting Sites

Climate conditions

Climate conditions

NicheNicheNicheNicheNicheNiche NicheNiche

 The unique ecologicalThe unique ecological rolerole ofof

each species in a community.

each species in a community.

Described in terms of conditions,

Described in terms of conditions,

resources, and interactions resources, and interactions

necessary for survival and necessary for survival and

reproduction.

reproduction.

When species interact

When species interactWhen species interact

When species interactWhen species interactWhen species interactWhen species interactWhen species interact

SymbiosisSymbiosis: When species that spend most or: When species that spend most or

all of their life cycle in close association withall of their life cycle in close association with

each othereach other

Parasitism> Parasitism

Mutualism

Mutualism

Predator/prey> Predator/prey

CoevolutionCoevolution: Species that interact closely over: Species that interact closely over

extended periods act as selective agents on

extended periods act as selective agents on

each other.each other.

Species Interactions

Species InteractionsSpecies Interactions

Species InteractionsSpecies InteractionsSpecies InteractionsSpecies InteractionsSpecies Interactions

InterInterInterInter

Inter InterInter

Inter


dependencedependencedependencedependence

dependence dependencedependence

dependence

Some

Some mutualists

mutualists

can canโ€™โ€™t complete theirt complete their

life cycles without life cycles without

each other.

each other.

E.g. Yucca E.g. Yucca

Social ParasitesSocial Parasites Social ParasitesSocial Parasites

Social Parasites Social ParasitesSocial Parasites

Social Parasites

Brown

Brown

headed cowbirds (

headed cowbirds ( Molothrus

Molothrus ) were

) were

commensal

commensal with bison.

with bison.

.but relationship with other birds species?

.but relationship with other birds species?

Keystone SpeciesKeystone SpeciesKeystone SpeciesKeystone SpeciesKeystone SpeciesKeystone SpeciesKeystone SpeciesKeystone Species

A species that has a disproportionately A species that has a disproportionately

large effect on a community relative to its

large effect on a community relative to its

abundance.

abundance.

What happens if?What happens if?What happens if?What happens if?What happens if?What happens if? What happens if?What happens if?

Predation by sea stars Predation by sea stars

( ( PiasterPiaster ochracenusochracenus ))

normally controls musselnormally controls mussel

populations. populations.

When sea stars were removed, mussels

When sea stars were removed, mussels

crowded other invertebrates out (competitive crowded other invertebrates out (competitive

exclusion) exclusion) โ€“ โ€“ species diversity fell from 15species diversity fell from 15

species to 8.

species to 8. Univ of OR Library News

lsa.uoregon.edu/newsletter05/

09news.html

Periwinkles and Algae:Periwinkles and Algae:Periwinkles and Algae:Periwinkles and Algae:Periwinkles and Algae:Periwinkles and Algae:Periwinkles and Algae:Periwinkles and Algae:

Effects of Competition & PredationEffects of Competition & PredationEffects of Competition & PredationEffects of Competition & Predation

Effects of Competition & Predation Effects of Competition & PredationEffects of Competition & Predation

Effects of Competition & Predation

Competition CompetitionCompetition

CompetitionCompetitionCompetitionCompetitionCompetition

If: Resources are limited If: Resources are limited

Then: We would predict there will be Then: We would predict there will be

competition for those resources. competition for those resources.

I. I. IntraspecificIntraspecific

II.

II.

Interspecific

Interspecific

III.Interference

III.Interference

IV.Competitive IV.Competitive exclusionexclusion