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Communications Study Guide: Key Concepts and Theories - Prof. Burton Buchanan, Study notes of Communication

This study guide covers various aspects of human communication, including the role of ethics, schemas, gender, culture, self-disclosure, and non-verbal communication. It also explores different communication models and the impact of context and language on communication.

Typology: Study notes

2010/2011

Uploaded on 06/06/2011

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Communications
Ch. 1-4 Study Guide
1. Are Human Beings born with the capacity to communicate? Most of the skills that we need to
communicate must be learned
2. The study of morals, especially the moral choices individuals make in their relationships with
others - Ethics
3. Mental constructions we use to connect related bits of information - Schemas
4. What is the role of gender in communication? Men and women have different conversation
styles, particularly when negotiating power
5. The share of beliefs values, and practices of a group of people - Culture
The belief that one’s own culture is appropriate and relevant in all situations
and to all people – Cultural Myopia
6. If you tell yourself you’re going to fail, you’ll fail – example of Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
The feeling and thoughts that you get when you know that you have negotiated
a communication situation as well as you possible could – Self- Actualization
7. Sharing important information about yourself as with a close friend – Self-Disclosure
A negative assessment about a communication experience that involves
criticizing or attacking your own performance – Self- denigration
8. The basic consistently accepted definition of a word – denotative meaning
The emotional or attitudinal response that people have to a word – connotative
meaning
9. The Ladder of Abstraction: The high level abstractions are the most general and vague and the
lower level abstractions are more specific and can help you understand more precisely what
people mean
10. Language that replaces biased language with more neutral terms – Politically Correct Language
11. Cultures that rely more on contextual cues – such as time, place, relationship and situation –
both to interpret meaning, and to send subtle messages – High Context Cultures
Cultures in which individuals use very direct language and rely less on
contextual cues for communication information – Low Context Cultures
12. Communicative, often spontaneous and unintentional, ambiguous, and more believable than
verbal – Nature of Non-verbal Communication
13. Non-verbal vocal behaviors including pauses, inflections, speed, pitch and volume that
communicate meaning - Paralanguage
14. The study of the way we use and communicate with space - Proxemics
15. The study of how people perceive the use of time - Chronemics
16. The study of the use of the eyes and communication settings - Oculesics
17. The way gestures and body movements communicate meaning - Kinesics
18. The Linear Model, a sender originates communication, with words or action
The Interaction Model, exhibits communications between sender and receiver
that incorporates feedback
The Competent Communication Model, individuals or communicate
simultaneously, sending and receiving messages at the same moment in time,
within a relational context, a situational context, and a cultural context
19. Arbitrary constructions that refer to people, things, or concepts - Symbol
20. A cognitive process through which we interpret our experiences and come to our own unique
understanding - Perception
21. Mental constructions we use to connect related bits of information - Schema
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Communications Ch. 1-4 Study Guide

  1. Are Human Beings born with the capacity to communicate? Most of the skills that we need to communicate must be learned
  2. The study of morals, especially the moral choices individuals make in their relationships with others - Ethics
  3. Mental constructions we use to connect related bits of information - Schemas
  4. What is the role of gender in communication? Men and women have different conversation styles, particularly when negotiating power
  5. The share of beliefs values, and practices of a group of people - Culture  The belief that one’s own culture is appropriate and relevant in all situations and to all people – Cultural Myopia
  6. If you tell yourself you’re going to fail, you’ll fail – example of Self-Fulfilling Prophecy  The feeling and thoughts that you get when you know that you have negotiated a communication situation as well as you possible could – Self- Actualization
  7. Sharing important information about yourself as with a close friend – Self-Disclosure  A negative assessment about a communication experience that involves criticizing or attacking your own performance – Self- denigration
  8. The basic consistently accepted definition of a word – denotative meaning  The emotional or attitudinal response that people have to a word – connotative meaning
  9. The Ladder of Abstraction: The high level abstractions are the most general and vague and the lower level abstractions are more specific and can help you understand more precisely what people mean
  10. Language that replaces biased language with more neutral terms – Politically Correct Language
  11. Cultures that rely more on contextual cues – such as time, place, relationship and situation – both to interpret meaning, and to send subtle messages – High Context Cultures  Cultures in which individuals use very direct language and rely less on contextual cues for communication information – Low Context Cultures
  12. Communicative, often spontaneous and unintentional, ambiguous, and more believable than verbal – Nature of Non-verbal Communication
  13. Non-verbal vocal behaviors including pauses, inflections, speed, pitch and volume that communicate meaning - Paralanguage
  14. The study of the way we use and communicate with space - Proxemics
  15. The study of how people perceive the use of time - Chronemics
  16. The study of the use of the eyes and communication settings - Oculesics
  17. The way gestures and body movements communicate meaning - Kinesics
  18. The Linear Model, a sender originates communication, with words or action  The Interaction Model, exhibits communications between sender and receiver that incorporates feedback  The Competent Communication Model, individuals or communicate simultaneously, sending and receiving messages at the same moment in time, within a relational context, a situational context, and a cultural context
  19. Arbitrary constructions that refer to people, things, or concepts - Symbol
  20. A cognitive process through which we interpret our experiences and come to our own unique understanding - Perception
  21. Mental constructions we use to connect related bits of information - Schema
  1. A state of passive processing of information characterized by reduced cognitive activity, inaccurate recall, and uncritical evaluations - Mindlessness
  2. A system of symbols, that we use to think about and communicate experiences and feelings - Language
  3. Language that is informal, nonstandard, and usually particular to a specific group - Slang  Technical language specific to members of a particular profession, interest group, or hobby - Jargon
  4. Formal polite language used in business context, in the class room, or even at formal social gatherings – High Language  Used in casual environments – Low Language
  5. A type of accommodation in which communicators change their regular language and slang to fit into a particular group – Code Switching  A type of accommodation in which communicators change their tonality, pitch, rhythm, and inflection, to fit into a particular group – Style Switching
  6. When one set of behaviors says one thing, and another says something different – Channel Discrepancy
  7. Accessories worn, carried or used on the body for decoration or identification - Artifacts
  8. The four zones of personal space described by Edward Hall indicate ranges that generally apply across cultures. Know picture p. 115
  9. An aspect of the situational context involving the way physical space effects our non-verbal communication – Public-Private Dimension
  10. An aspect of the situational context that involves our perceptions of personal vs. in-personal situations – Informal-Formal Dimension
  11. A part of listening empathetically that involves re-phrasing what you think the speaker has said to convey a sense of understanding - Paraphrasing
  12. The process of mentally constructing and sending a message - Encoding  The process of receiving a message by interpreting and assigning meaning - Decoding
  13. Mediated Non-Verbal Communication
  14. Cultures that depend on touch as an important form of communication – Contact Cultures  Cultures that use touch minimally or not at all for a medium of communication – Non-Contact Cultures
  15. Claiming of an area with or without legal basis through continuous occupation of that area - Territoriality
  16. Offering a very clear, non-verbal cue that mirrors the verbal message - Repeating  Non-verbal behaviors that match the verbal message and accompanies without actually mirroring it - Complementing  Non-verbal behaviors that clarifies and emphasizes specific information in a verbal message - Accenting
  17. Change in communication behavior to adapt to other people - Accommodation
  18. Sets of complex language behaviors or options that we draw on to meet the demands of specific situations – Speech Repertoires
  19. Statements that involves personal evaluations - Opinions  Statement that is true and verifiable - Facts
  20. Learning and following the rules for managing conversations and relationships - Ritualization
  21. Language that has subtle meanings that influence perception – Biased Language  Using unclear or misleading words - Equivocation