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Commercial Egg Industry Final Exam
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The visible streak of the follicular membrane lacking blood vessels is termed the _____________. - ✔✔Stigma The clear membrane that holds the yolk together is called the ______________. - ✔✔Vitelline membrane ______________ is a management system to minimize the exposure of a flock to pathogenic organisms. - ✔✔Biosecurity In 2019, the number of laying hens producing eggs in the U.S. is about _____________. - ✔✔320 million Eggshell formation in the hen takes about _____________ hours. - ✔✔ 20 - 22 Which of the following is NOT a requirement for organic egg production? - ✔✔Birds must have access to green forages Which of the following feed ingredients will NOT enhance the omega-3 fatty acid content of egg yolk? - ✔✔Sunflower oil
What is the most important factor affecting egg quality during storage? - ✔✔Temperature Total time of egg formation in the hen is about _______ hours. - ✔✔ 25 According to information from the Iowa Egg Industry Center, what is the national average cost in the summer of 2020 to produce a dozen eggs? - ✔✔$0. Providing access to pasture for hens in result in _____________. - ✔✔eggs with higher omega- 3 fatty acid composition According to the Iowa Egg Industry Center, cage-free egg production in the summer of 2020 represents about __________% of the egg market. - ✔✔ 25 In the U.S., about ________% of eggs produced go to the breaker plant. - ✔✔ 30 A series of layers of proteins plus mucopolysaccharides in the palisade layer of the eggshell is called the ___________. - ✔✔Organic shell matrix The minimum weight for a dozen USDA large eggs is __________. - ✔✔24 oz The conversion of water and carbon dioxide to H2CO3 in the uterine tissue requires the enzyme ___________. - ✔✔carbonic anhydrase
The process of a hen laying an egg is referred to as ____________. - ✔✔oviposition Egg yolk color is controlled by ______________. - ✔✔what the hen eats As of January 1, 2017, which antibiotics may be given to laying hens producing eggs for human consumption without a veterinarian prescription? - ✔✔Bacitracin zinc and BMD What happens to male laying hen chicks? - ✔✔euthanized immediately after hatch Which hormone is typically given to laying hens? - ✔✔no hormones are used What is needed to stimulate a hen to produce eggs? - ✔✔light The last phase of yolk formation, the rapid growth phase, takes about ________ days. - ✔✔ 10 Under USDA egg grading standards, a "body check" egg would be ___________. - ✔✔Grade B What is the most important factor affecting egg quality of a freshly laid egg? - ✔✔hen age An egg with a single stain covering less than 1/32 of the eggshell surface is graded as __________. - ✔✔B
The shell is composed primarily of ___________. - ✔✔calcium carbonate In 2015, an outbreak of ___________ caused egg prices to rise to record highs. - ✔✔avian influenze The albumen has __________ layers. - ✔✔ 4 Texas is ranked ________ in egg production among U.S. states. - ✔✔5th Shell membrane fibers are composed of _____________. - ✔✔95% protein Which country has the highest per capita egg consumption in the world? - ✔✔Mexico Yolk color is related to ____________ pigments in feed ingredients. - ✔✔Xanthophyll Which country produces the most eggs in the world? - ✔✔China According to Texas egg laws, retail food establishments must use eggs of at least ________ grade. - ✔✔B
Under USDA inspection of eggs, the wash water temperature must be at least __________ warmer than the internal temperature of the eggs. - ✔✔20 degrees F The washing of eggs is required by which regulatory agency or agencies? - ✔✔USDA only Which animal welfare certification program does not allow the use of any type of cages, but also does not require outdoor access for hens? - ✔✔Humane Farm Animal Care According to the FDA Final Egg Rule, eggs must be refrigerated at or below _________ within ________ hours of lay. - ✔✔45F; 36 In what year did Proposition 2 pass in California? - ✔✔ 2008 Which of the following is NOT considered an "animal rights" organization? - ✔✔American Humane Which type of cage system incorporates manure boards and scrapers? - ✔✔A-frame Under the FDA Final Egg Rule, the second bird environmental sampling for SE must occur at what age? - ✔✔ 40 - 45 weeks of age
According to USDA survey data, the use of flush systems to lagoons for manure management in hen houses in the U.S. is _____________. - ✔✔decreasing What is the minimum floor space allowed for hens in conventional cages in the United States under United Egg Producers (UEP) Animal Welfare Guidelines? - ✔✔67 sq. inches Why did FDA target SE specifically in the Final Egg Rule? - ✔✔it has the ability to colonize the ovary of the hen Which type of egg conveyor has the ability to change elevation without breaking eggs? - ✔✔Rod The FDA Final Egg Rule specified that egg producers with 50,000 or more laying hens had to comply with all the new regulations under the rule by what date? - ✔✔July, 2010 Other than UEP, which animal welfare certification program has endorsed the use of enriched colony cages for hens? - ✔✔American Humane Association Which of the following is NOT one of the major animal welfare issues addressed by the UEP Animal Welfare Guidelines? - ✔✔Access to outdoor space Which 2 entities has UEP approved to conduct third-party audits under the Animal Welfare Certified program? - ✔✔USDA-AMS and Validus
For an egg to have a good chance of making it through the supply chain to the consumer, what should the minimum suggested shell thickness be? - ✔✔0.33 mm Why do many egg producers in the U.S. follow the UEP Animal Welfare Guidelines? - ✔✔it is required by egg wholesalers and retailers as a condition of sale Which type of cage system utilizes manure belts? - ✔✔Vertical For an egg company to pass a third-party audit under the UEP Animal Welfare program, the company must receive a score of at least _________ out of 200 on the audit. - ✔✔none of these Which of the following is NOT a feature that is added to a colony cage system to convert it to an enriched colony cage system? - ✔✔Pecking blocks Which style of egg conveyor is considered to be a "cleaner" system? - ✔✔rod Which of cage system incorporates manure shields on the back part of the cage? - ✔✔A-frame Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using cages for laying hens? - ✔✔fewer blood spot eggs
In what year did the UEP form the scientific advisory committee to establish the UEP Animal Welfare Guidelines? - ✔✔ 1999 According to USDA survey data, what is the most common style of feeding system for laying hens? - ✔✔Chain Which of the following is NOT a feature of pullet cages? - ✔✔egg belts According to the UEP Animal Welfare Guidelines, which of the following is NOT a reason an egg producer would automatically fail a third-party audit regardless of overall score? - ✔✔beak trimming of birds Under the FDA Final Egg Rule, the first bird environmental sampling for SE must occur at what age? - ✔✔ 14 - 16 weeks of age Why did enriched colony cages ultimately fall in the United Kingdom as an alternative to conventional cages? - ✔✔Not endorsed by large retailers An egg that has a check with the appearance of a "star" is caused by _______________. - ✔✔collision with other objects
The part of the bird that must be stimulated by light to induce sexual maturity and egg production is the _________________. - ✔✔hypothalamus Which of the following is NOT an advantage of beak trimming? - ✔✔improved weight gain According to the Coalition for a Sustainable Egg Supply study data, which layer housing system resulted in the most bird mortality? - ✔✔aviary What is the minimum number of birds that should be weighed to get a good sample for a pullet flock? - ✔✔ 100 If a flock of 1,000 chickens produced 4,000 eggs over 5 days, what is the %HD production rate?
- ✔✔80% The first peak of crude protein gain in layer pullets is mainly ______________. - ✔✔muscle development Maximum pullet growth rate (gain per day) occurs at ______ weeks of age. - ✔✔ 6 - 7 When is the infrared beak treatment process applied? - ✔✔at the hatchery
When using a hot blade beak trimmer, what is the earliest age this procedure should be done? - ✔✔ 7 - 10 days When beak trimming pullets with a hot blade beak trimmer, which of the following is the preferred shape of the beak after trimming? - ✔✔bottom beak slightly longer than top beak A hen in egg production should eat approximately how much feed per day? - ✔✔100 g per bird According to the Coalition for a Sustainable Egg Supply study data, which layer housing system resulted in the higher cost per dozen eggs? - ✔✔Aviary The second peak of ash gain in layer pullet development is mainly _______________. - ✔✔medullary bone mineralization How often should pullet growth be evaluated after 4 weeks of age? - ✔✔weekly How many hours per day of light is generally considered to be the minimum threshold to stimulate sexual maturity and egg production in hens? - ✔✔ 12 Peak egg mass production for commercial laying hens will usually occur at _______ weeks of age. - ✔✔ 36 - 38
Which of the following states has NOT passed a cage-free egg law to be implemented in the near future? - ✔✔Tennessee The growth rate of layer pullets can be described as ___________. - ✔✔diphasic The second peak of fat gain in layer pullets usually occurs at _______ weeks of age. - ✔✔ 17 - 18 Under current California law, hens housed in cages with more than 9 birds per cage must give the hens a minimum of how much space? - ✔✔116 sq. in. According to the Coalition for a Sustainable Egg Supply study data, which layer housing system resulted in the best egg quality? - ✔✔all systems equal What is the maximum amount of beak that should be removed during hot blade beak trimming? - ✔✔50% The second peak of fat gain in layer pullets is mainly _____________. - ✔✔abdominal storage Which of the following is NOT a brand name of laying hen strains used in commercial egg production? - ✔✔Aviagen
Laying hens will usually be light stimulated to induce egg production at __________ weeks of age. - ✔✔ 17 - 18 The minimum light intensity threshold needed to stimulate hens into egg production is ______________. - ✔✔0.5 foot candles During the pullet rearing period, daylength should ____________. - ✔✔never increase If hens are not molted and managed for only a single egg-laying cycle, at what age are they usually considered "spent"? - ✔✔ 80 - 90 weeks According to the Coalition for Sustainable Egg Supply study data, which layer housing system presented the most potential worker health issues, particularly related to gathering eggs? - ✔✔aviary What is the expected week 17 body weight of a white egg type pullet? - ✔✔2.8 lb What is the expected week 17 body weight of a brown egg type pullet? - ✔✔3.1 lb According to Coalition for a Sustainable Egg Supply study data, which layer housing system has the best egg production (average HD%)? - ✔✔enriched cages
