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Reappropriation
Reappropriation is when a group reclaims a term that was used by others to degrade its members and then make that term a positive self-description.ex. Some gay men and lesbians have reappropriated the term queer to be a positive statement. TERM 2
Proxemics
DEFINITION 2 Proxemics is a nonverbal communication that involves space and how we use it.ex. every culture has different norms for using space. The U.S. is 4 to 12 feet but comfortable 18inches or less between us and friends or romantic partners. TERM 3
Prototype
DEFINITION 3 Prototype is an ideal, or best example of a category.ex. I have a prototype of what a ideal teacher is or a prototype of what a ideal friend is. TERM 4
Personal
Construct
DEFINITION 4 Personal Construct is a mental yardstick that allows us to measure a person or situation along a bipolar dimension of judgement.ex. Intelligent-not intelligent, kind-not kindex. Personal construct of a date attractive-not attractive, fun-not fun TERM 5
Perception
DEFINITION 5 Perception is the active process of SELECTING, ORGANIZING, and INTERPRETING people, objects, events, situations, and activities.ex. If you perceive a co-worker as hostile, your likely to notice only his or her unfriendly behaviors and to communicate defensively or to minimize interaction.
Expectancy Violation Theory
A theory claiming that when our expectations are violated, we become more cognitively alert as we struggle to understand and cope with unexpected behaviors or events.3 aspects of a violation of expectations1) Whether violation is positive or negativeex. Someone gives you a gift unexpectedly2) Extent that the behavior deviates from expected behaviorex. if your boss never criticizes you then does it violates expectancy3) Impact of violation on a relationship ex: Ex dating your best friend TERM 7
Self-Serving Bias
DEFINITION 7 Self-Serving Bias is when we attribute our positive actions/success to internal influences we control and attribute negative actions/failure to external influences we can't controlex. We attribute getting an A to being a smart person(internal, stable)ex. We blame a F on the teacher(external) He put a lot of tricky questions on the test(unstable) TERM 8
Kinesics
DEFINITION 8 Kinesics refers to body position and motions, including those of the face, that may be used to communicate or may be interpreted as communicating.ex. Someone who stands erect and appears confident announces self-assuranceex. someone who slouches and shuffles may seem to say, "I'm not very sure of myself." TERM 9
Interpersonal Confirmation
DEFINITION 9 Interpersonal Confirmation is the expressed valuing of another person.ex. We all want to feel valued by colleagues in our workplace or by our significant other. When other confirm us we feel appreciated and respected.*Scholars identified 3 levels of confirmation:Recognition, Acknowledgement, and Endorsement TERM 10
Haptics
DEFINITION 10 Haptics is any form of nonverbal communication involving physical touch.ex. when a parent pushes a child away or handles them harshly it's nonverbally signaling rejection.
Communication
Apprehension
Communication Apprehension is a detrimental level of anxiety associated w/ real or anticipated communication encounters. It is common and can be constructive.ex. Many people feel anxious in advance of communication situations; they worry, imagine difficulties, and dread the occasion long before the communication occurs. TERM 17
Chronemics
DEFINITION 17 Chronemics refers to how we perceive and use time to define identities and interaction.ex. In some cultures, people saunter whereas in others they dash from place to place.ex. In Western societies, there seems to be a unwritten cultural rule that people w/ high status can keep people with less status waiting. TERM 18
Monitoring
DEFINITION 18 Monitoring is the observation and regulation of one's own communicationex. Monitor the tendency to explain away your failures as not your fault and to take personal credit for accomplishments that were helped by luck or situational factors.*Also just as we tend to judge ourselves generously, we may judge others harshly. TERM 19
Mind Reading
DEFINITION 19 Mind Reading is the assumption that we understand what another person thinks or how another person perceives something.ex. In a relationship if a spouse tries mind reading and says "He doesn't care about me anymore" this can cause problems b/c he never said that and its not necessarily true TERM 20
Loaded Language
DEFINITION 20 Loaded Language is words that slant perceptions, and thus meanings, exceedingly.ex. Terms such as "geezer" and "old fogey" incline us to regard older people w/ contempt or pity. Alternatives such as "senior citizen" and "elder" reflect more respectful attitudes.
Judgement
Judgement is a belief or opinion based on observations, feelings, assumptions, or other phenomena that are not facts.ex. (Taylor shows up late for class) the teacher might judge that "Taylor is an irresponsible student." judging Taylor as irresponsible goes beyond the facts. TERM 22
Inference
DEFINITION 22 Inference is an interpretation that goes beyond the facts known but is believed to logically follow from them.ex. Saying something like "this person seems rude" or "this person may be rude" TERM 23
Brute Facts Institutional Facts
DEFINITION 23 Brute Facts are objective, concrete phenomena and activities.Institutional Facts are the meanings of Brute facts based on human interpretation.ex. During a football game a brute fact is that periodically people gather into roughly circular clusters called the huddle. The institutional fact is that the players are planning their next play. TERM 24
Hypothetical Thoughts
DEFINITION 24 Hypothetical Thoughts is to think about experiences and ideas that do not exist or are not present to the senses.ex. B/c we can think hypothetically, we can plan, dream, remember, set goals, consider alternative courses of actions, and imagine possibilities. TERM 25
Enviromental Factors
DEFINITION 25 Enviromental Factors are elements of a settings that affects how we think, feel, act, and communicate.ex. We feel more relaxed in rooms w/ comfortable chairs than in rooms with stiff, formal furniture.ex. Candlelit dining tables may promote more romantic feelings etc.
Artifacts
Artifacts are personal objects we use to announce our identities and to personalize our enviroments.Women are more likely to wear more make-up, jewelry, form-fitting clothes and high-heeled shoes.Men typically wear less jewelry, clothes w/ less adornment, and functional shoes. TERM 32
Physical Appearance (as nonverbal comm)
DEFINITION 32 Physical Appearance is a form of nonverbal comm; how we look, including the cultural meanings, values, and expectations associated with looks. TERM 33
Paralanguage
DEFINITION 33 Paralanguage is communication that is vocal but not verbal. Paralanguage includes accent, inflection, volume, pitch, and sounds such as murmurs and gasps.ex. Vocal cues signal others to interpret what we say as a joke, a threat, a statement of fact, a question, and so forth. TERM 34
Olfactics
DEFINITION 34 Olfacts is a term for our perception of odors and scentsSmell is a form of nonverbal communication.ex. The smell of freshly baked bread or cookies often makes us feel happy (and hungry!). Also scents we choose to wear can be personal signatures TERM 35
Totalizing
DEFINITION 35 Totalizing is responding to a person as if one label totally represents that person.We fix on one symbol to define someone and fail to recognize many other aspects of the person.ex. Some people totalize gay men and lesbians by noticing only their sexual orientation.
Silence
Lack of sound, can be nonverbal communication.Though silence is quiet, it can communicate powerful messaages."I'm not speaking to you" followed by silence can speak volumes!Content- when intimates are so comfortable they don't need to talk.Awkwardness- trouble making conversation on a first date TERM 37
Stereotypes
DEFINITION 37 Stereotypes are a predictive generalization about people or situations.ex. A lot of people stereotype girls in sororities as being sluts TERM 38
Script
DEFINITION 38 A script is a sequence of activities that spells out how we and others are expected to act in a specific situationex. If you run into a friend who is with someone you don't know, and your friend says "Hi, this Brittany," you don't have to think about what your going to say your meeting-new-person script tells you that you should say, "Hi, I'm Jordan" and offer a handshake or smile. TERM 39
Nonverbal Communication
DEFINITION 39 Nonverbal Communication is all forms of communication other than words themselves! includes vocal qualities, shrugs, blushing, eye movements etc. TERM 40
Recognition
DEFINITION 40 Recognition is the expression of awareness of another person's existence.Most basic form of interpersonal confirmationex. recognize people by nonverbal behavior(a smile, a handshake, looking up when someone enters your room) or by verbal communication ("hello," "good to meet you")
Culture vs. Social Community
Culture - consists of beliefs, values, understandings, practices, and ways of interpreting experience that a number of people share. Social Communities- Part of a overall society(America) but also distinct from overall society in that they hold values, understandings, and practices that aren't shared by people outside the group.DifferenceCulture is something a number of people share while social community is only that specific group. TERM 47
Lose-lose vs. win-win vs. win-lose conflict
orientations
DEFINITION 47 lose-lose: presumes that conflict cannot produce positive outcomes. win-lose: One person wins but at the expense of the other, tends to undermine relationships b/c someone has to lose. win-win: view of conflict assumes that there are usually ways to resolve differences so that everyone gains. usually willing to make accommodations and often find solutions that neither had thought of previously. TERM 48
Superiority vs. Equality Comm.
DEFINITION 48 Superiority: is when people act as if they are better than you, "I know a lot more about this than you" "is this the best you could do?" Equality: more relaxed and comfortable communicating w/ people who treat us as equals even if they are a expert in a certain field. expressed equality communicates respect. TERM 49
Evaluative vs. Descriptive
Comm.
DEFINITION 49 Evaluative comm. evaluates us and we tend to feel defensive when others evaluate us, particularly in a negative way. Descriptive comm. doesn't evaluate but better yet describes behavior w/o passing judgementEvaluative-- This report is done poorlyDescriptive-- This report doesn't include background information TERM 50
Certainty vs. Provisionalism comm.
DEFINITION 50 Certainty-- language suggests there is only one valid answer, point of view, or course of action. There's no point in talking to these people. Provisionalism-- shows openness to other points of view. the tentative communication reflects an open mind, which is why it invites continued conversation.
Strategy vs. Spontaneity Comm.
Strategy-- Strategic comm. aims at manipulating a person or group for the benefit of the person manipulating. Nonverbal behaviors may also convey strategy, as when a speaker takes a long pause before answering or refuses eye contact w/ listeners Spontaneity-- Spontaneous communication is open, honest, and not manipulative. To be ethical spontaneous comm. must not be used against others. The better way to go about getting help just ask for a favor straightforward, "Would you help me?" TERM 52
Neutrality vs. Empathy Comm.
DEFINITION 52 Neutral-- people tend to be defensive when others act in a neutral manner, it implies indifferences to others and what they say
. Empathy-- Confirms the worth of others and shows concern for their thoughts and feelings.ex. "I can understand why you feel that way"*Empathy doesn't mean you agree with them but it merely conveys respect for others and what they think/feel TERM 53
Control vs. Problem Orientation Comm.
DEFINITION 53 Control-- Attempts to persuade people and others often feel defensive, and respond w/ resentment or even rebellion. To this person winning an argument or having the last word is more important than finding the best solution. Problem Orientation-- Rather than imposing a preference problem-oriented communication focuses on resolving tensions and problems. The goal of this communication is to work collaboratively to come up with something that everyone finds acceptable. TERM 54
Content level of meaning vs. Relationship
level of meaning
DEFINITION 54 Content level of meaning-- Contains the literal message.ex. Someone knocks on your door and asks, "May I come in?" the content-level meaning is that the person is asking your permission to enter. Relationship level of meaning-- Expresses the relationship between communicators. TERM 55
Specific Purpose vs. Thesis
Statement
DEFINITION 55 Specific Purpose -- Is exactly what you hope to accomplish.ex. Im gonna get 25% of the audience to sign up for VolunteeringSpecific purpose is the behavioral response the speaker seeks Thesis Statement-- Single most important sentence in a speech. Is the main idea and guides an effective speech:
