Combat Against Cyberterrorism - Psycology of Extremist - Lecture Slides, Slides of Psychology

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Counter Measures to Consider in the

Combat Against Cyberterrorism

Modern Urban Battles

• The US and Iraq

• Middle East unrest

• Georgia and Russia

• Zimbabwe

• India and Pakistan

• China and Tibet

Introduction

• Convergance of fear-causing world of

terrorism with abstract realm of cyberspace

• Use technical security exploits

• Stem from social, political and religious views

• High-level view of countermeasures in the

fight against terrorism

Other definitions: Pollitt

• “Cyberterrorism is the premeditated,

politically motivated attack against

information, computer systems, computer

programs, and data which result in violence

against noncombatant targets by sub national

groups or clandestine agents “

• Malicious use of Information, Communication

and Technology (ICT) Infrastructure

• Cause harm and distress

Characteristics Cheap Anonymous Varied Enormous Remote Direct Effect Automated Replicated Fast

Target/Focus Transportation Utilities Financial sector Telecomms Emergency Services Government Manufacturing

Types of Terrorism Religious New Age Ethnonationalist Separatist Revolutional Far Right Extremist

Capabilities Education Training Skill Expertise Financial support Resources Intelligence Insider knowledge

Practices Deface web sites Distribute disinformation Spread propaganda DOS using worms and viruses Disrupt crucial systems Corrupt essential data Steal credit card info for funds

Malicious Goals Protest Disrupt Kill/Maim Terrify Intimidate Meet demands Sensitive Info Affect crucial services Publicity Solicit money

Operating Forces

Attack Levels Simply Unstructured Advanced Structured Complex Co- ordinated

Modes of Operation Perception Management & Propoganda Disruptive Attacks Destructive Attacks

Support Functions Recruitment Training Intelligence Reconnaissance Planning Logistics Finance Propaganda Social Services

Objectives

Techniques

Social Factors Culture Beliefs Political Views Upbringing Personality Traits

Insurgent groups and terrorists

Religious

Ethno-

nationalist

separists

Revolutionary

New Age

Far-right

extremists

Target

Government State Public

Critical

infrastructure

Types of Terrorists (Cont…)

• Religious/Theological beliefs

• Strong quasi-religious fanatical elements for only total certainty of belief

(or total moral relativism) provides justification for taking lives ¹

• Certainly of belief that justifies the taking of lives

• Fastest growing type

• Unfocussed and target the masses

• Sacrifice one’s life

• Simple unstructured does not cause mass destruction

• Advanced - structured offer rewards and comply with ideology

• 1. Laqueur, W. (1996), "Postmodern Terrorism", Foreign Affairs, Vol. 75, pp. 24.

Types of Terrorists (Cont…)

• Etho-nationalist

• Fighting to establish a new political order based on ethnic

dominance/homogeneity. ²

• Public recognition

• Have shown violent tendencies but more targets of symbol of state like

public facilities, government representatives

• Rely on sympathy from community

• Cyberterror attacks that cause interruptions: DoD

• Use ICT for propaganda and gathering support

• 2. Post, J.M. (2005), "The New Face of Terrorism: Socio-Cultural Foundations of Contemporary Terrorism", Behavioral Sciences & the Law, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 451-465.

Types of Terrorists (Cont…)

• New Age

• The vulnerability of modern societies to unconventional attacks

4

• Use violence when traditional forms of campaigning to not yield results

sufficiently fast

• Examples animal rights groups targeting pharmaceutical companies using

arson and sabotage

• Anti-abortion and environmental groups

• Disrupt e-commerce and web-based advertising

• 4. Gearson, J. (2002), "The Nature of Modern Terrorism", The Political Quarterly, Vol. 73, No. s1, pp. 7-24.

Types of Terrorists (Cont…)

• Right Wing

• Outsider” (eg. foreigners, ethnic and religious minorities) is targeted as

well as state itself, as they are seen as ineffective or worse under the sway

of the outsiders

5

• Can be racist

• Violence is acceptable form of demonstration

• ICT for propaganda and disruption, selling survivalist gear or distribution

of material

• Strong psychological roots of superiority

• 5. Michael, G. 2003, Confronting Right Wing Extremism and Terrorism in the USA, Routledge

Social

Political

Economic

Religious

Legal

Laws

Policies

Fusion centres

Analysis

Perception

management

Military response

Humanitarian aid

Peace-keeping

Media

Education

Treaties

Protocols

Cultural centres

Charities

echnology countermeasures Docsity.com

Legal and Political

• Major focus should be law enforcement and

military response

• Treaties, protocols, regulations and acts can

ensures fair conduct of relations between nations

• Laws can help promote acceptable forms of

protest and consistent way of dealing with

political and religious fanaticism

1 A.K. Cronin, "The diplomacy of counterterrorism lessons learned, ignored and disputed," International Research Group on Political Violence (IRGPV), pp. 1-8, 2002.

Fusion Centres

• Intelligence

• cultural specialists

• security personnel

• linguists

• political military specialists

• engineers

• psychological operations

• media relations

• economic advisors

Humanitarian and peace-keeping

• Assistance to people suffering from famine,

repressions, natural disasters and violence can

help with conflict resolution

• Favourable response from the provision of

money, food, medicine, education, fuel and

employment

• Charity and education shows the effort to

uplift the community