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Colorado General Pesticide Exam
Pesticides quiz with correct answers.
Pesticide ANS - chemical substance produced and sold for the control of pest species, ending term derived from Latin "cida" meaning "to kill" although some merely inhibit development not kill FIFRA definition of Pesticide ANS - includes: defoliants, plant growth regulators, desiccants Pesticide Types ANS - Avicides Bactericides Disinfectants - (aka antimicrobials) control microorganisms Fungicides Herbicides Insecticides - insects and arthropods Defoliants - leaves/foliage drop from plants Desiccants - dying or loss of moisture from plant tissues Growth regulators Molluscicides - slugs and snails Nematicides - nematodes Miticides - (aka acaricides) control mites and ticks Piscicides Predacides - predatory vertebrates Repellents - insects, invertebrates, birds, mammals Rodenticides Wood preservatives - protect wood from decay and stain fungi, insects, and other wood destroying organisms Nematodes ANS - microscopic, colorless, worm-like animals that live as saprophytes (live on dead material) or parasites, cause diseases of plants or animals
Chemical Families ANS - group of pesticides which are similar to one another in chemical structure and pesticidal activity similar properties such as poisoning symptoms, persistence, first aid, cleanup, and safety guidelines Organophosphates ANS - synthetic organic pesticide containing C, H, and P Carbamates ANS - A group of pesticides commonly used for control of insects, mites, fungi, and weeds some are cholinesterase inhibitors Sulfonylureas ANS - herbicide family translocated through uptake by leaves and roots Phenoxys ANS - herbicide family affecting actively growing plant tissues (2,4-D) Benzenes ANS - colorless, flammable liquid aromatic hydrocarbon, used as fungicide protectants Mode of Action ANS - the way pesticides affect and enter pests (site of action) Inorganic ANS - do not contain carbon, usually derived from mineral ores extracted from the earth Organic ANS - contain carbon, mostly created by combining chemical compounds but few are extracted from plant material (called botanicals) NOP ANS - National Organic Program: not same as organic pesticides, only approve some Contact Pesticide ANS - only kill parts of the organism they physically come in contact with, must be absorbed through external body surface or exposed plant tissue Systemic Pesticice ANS - move (translocate) from site of application to another site within the plant or animal where they become effective
Protectant fungicide ANS - prevent fungal infections, retard fungal growth or prevent organisms from entering treated plants must be used before fungi reach infection stage Eradicant fungicide ANS - destroy fungi that have already invaded plants and begun to damage plant tissues inhibit metabolic processes of growing fungal organisms Inert substances/ingredients ANS - made of clays or organic solvents to improve application effectiveness, safety, handling, and storage Pesticide formulation may consist of ANS - - active ingredient
- carrier
- surface-active ingredients (stickers/spreaders)
- other: stabilizers, dyes, chemicals that improve or enhance pesticidal activity Ready without additional dilution ANS - baits, granules, gels, and dusts RTU ANS - ready to use Number in front of formula abrv. in brand name refers to: ANS - percent by weight of a.i. for dry formulation or percent by volume of liquid formulation Bait (B) ANS - - large particles or granular formation A: easy to spot treat, ready to use D: accessible to pets and children Dry Flowable (DF) / Water Dispersible Granule (WDG) ANS - - small pellets or granules, forms suspension in water
A: easy to measure and mix than WP, less inhalation hazard than WP D: spray mix requires constant agitation, abrasive Dust (D) ANS - - dry materials made of a.i. and inerts, finely ground dry material of a low concentration of a.i. A: ready to use, effective in hard-to-reach indoor areas D: drifts, easily inhaled Granular (G) ANS - - mix of dry, large, free flowing particles, usually low concentrations of a.i. A: ready to use, no mixing, minimal drift D: some dust, may need incorporation Pellet (P or PS) ANS - - preformed mixture of a.i. and inerts to form small pieces A: easy to spot treat D: accessible to pets and children Seed Treatment ANS - - finely ground dry material containing colored dye A: added color makes it easy to tell treated seed from untreated D: care must be taken with dye Soluble Powder (SP or S) ANS - - dry material that can be dissolved in liquid (true solution when mixed with water) A: agitation not needed after mixing D: dust can be inhaled Tablet ANS - - either a.i. alone or a.i. and formulants formed into small blocks or spheres A: easy to measure and use D: accessible to pets and children
Suspension Concentrate (SC) ANS - - finely ground particles in a liquid base, forms suspension when diluted with water A: easily mixed D: easily absorbed through skin True Liquid/Solution (L) ANS - - clear liquids composed of a.i. dissolved in solvents (solution is usually water), remains clear A: easily mixed D: possibly corrosive Ultra-Low Volume (ULV) Concentrates ANS - - solution of a.i. used undiluted only in ULV equipment, very high concentration of a.i. A: relatively easy to handle, transport, and store, remain is solution; little agitation required D: difficult to keep pesticide on target - high drift hazard, special equipment required Fumigant ANS - - volatile liquids or solids packaged for release as a gas A: toxic to many pest forms at one time, penetrates cracks and crevices D: area to be fumigated must be well sealed, highly toxic Water Soluble Packets (WSP) ANS - - pre-weighed amount of WP, SP, or gel formulation in a special plastic bag which dissolves in spray tank and releases contents A: low applicator exposure during mixing and loading, convenient for measuring, no container to dispose D: all quantities are premeasured and may not be the correct amount for the site Adjuvants ANS - added ingredients which increase the effectiveness of the a.i. and make application easier Acidifier ANS - used to lower pH
Activator ANS - increases the biological efficacy of pesticides Antifoaming agent ANS - eliminates or suppresses foam in spray tank Buffer ANS - causes solution to resist change in pH Drift control agent ANS - used in liquid spray mixtures to reduce spray drift Penetrant ANS - enhances pesticides' ability to enter substrate or penetrate surfaces Spreader/Wetting agent ANS - increases area that spray droplet will cover on a target Spreader/Sticker ANS - increases area that spray droplet will cover and ability of pesticide to stick to treated plant surfaces Sticker/Deposition aid ANS - improves ability of spray deposits to adhere to targeted surfaces Surfactants (surface active ingredients) ANS - class of adjuvants that include spreaders and stickers that change surface tension of spray solution Synergists ANS - greatly increase pesticide activity by allowing pesticides to work better Compatible ANS - two or more pesticides which can be mixed together Phytotoxicity ANS - chemical injury to plants (burning, yellowing, leaf distortions, abnormal growth, stunting) Persistence is expressed in terms of ANS - half-life or the time it takes for 50% of the pesticide to break down
Air - for airblast sprayers and mist blowers, air and water is used Foam - only used in special applications, special equipment may be needed Precautions to follow to minimize/prevent phytotoxicity problems ANS - - read label
- use pesticides at the recommended label rate and use appropriate application intervals
- use care when mixing pesticides to avoid compatibility problems
- test all pesticide mixtures on small number of plants
- use proper adjuvants
- apply pesticides under favorable environmental conditions
- avoid applying to water/nutrient stressed plants
- frequently agitate the spray solution during application
- thoroughly clean application equipment between uses
- never apply insecticides/fungicides with herbicide contaminated equipment Biological control ANS - introduction, improvement of effectiveness, or periodic release of natural enemies including parasites, predators, and pathogens Mechanical control ANS - use of devices, machines, and other physical methods to control pests or alter their environment Cultural control ANS - alter the environment, the condition of the host plant or site, or the behavior of the pest to prevent or suppress an infestation (ex: irrigation, mowing, crop rotation) Sanitation or source reduction ANS - elimiating food, water, shelter, or other necessities important to the pest's survival Regulatory control ANS - government agencies try to stop entry or spread of pests into an area/country via inspection, quarantine, destruction of infested material, etc.
