Cognitive psychology memory, Cheat Sheet of Cognitive Psychology

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MEMORY

This knowledge includes: STUDY DESIGN, 2010 - 2014

Comparison of models for explaining human memory:

⦿ Atkinson-Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memory including maintenance and elaborative rehearsal, serial position effect and chunking

⦿ Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch’s model of working memory: central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, episodic buffer

⦿ levels of processing as informed by Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart

⦿ organisation of long-term memory including declarative and episodic memory, and semantic network theory Neural basis of memory :

⦿ role of the neuron in memory formation informed by the work of E. Richard Kandel

⦿ roles of the hippocampus and temporal lobe

⦿ consolidation theory

MODELS OF MEMORY

How is information processed?

MEMORY

⦿ Types of Memory

◼ Iconic ◼ Short-Term Mnemonics & Working Memory ◼ Long term Implicit Explicit ◼ Levels of processing

● Processes ● Encoding, storage, retrieval

● Methods ● Recognition, recall

● Anatomy of Memory ● Hippocampus and Amygdala

THE RECONSTRUCTIVE NATURE OF

MEMORY

⦿ Bartlett

◼ Assigning a name influences the reproduction. ◼ The transformations are in the direction of conventional representations (highest frequency of exposure) ◼ Features that are not at first recognized are elaborated until recognition is produced ◼ Once a recognizable feature is produced, it is reduced to its most conventional simplification

The Reconstruction: Not Just for Stories

Images, Too!

THE NEURO-ANATOMY OF MEMORY

⦿ Hippocampus

⦿ Amygdala

HIPPOCAMPUS

Anatomy of

Memory

Amygdala: emotional memory and memory consolidation

Basal ganglia & cerebellum: memory for skills, habits and

CC responses

Hippocampus: memory recognition, spatial, episodic

memory, laying down new declarative long-term memories

Thalamus, formation of new memories and working

memories

Cortical Areas: encoding of factual memories, storage of

episodic and semantic memories, skill learning, priming.

WHAT DOES THE HIPPOCAMPUS DO?

⦿ Configural Association Theory The theory

that the hippocampus retains the

interrelation among cues, spatially and

temporally. So it remembers the relationship

between a visual cue and a location as

signaling food.

⦿ Path Integration Theory the hippocampus

calculates current location, past location,

and future location from one’s own

movement.

The Amygdal: Fear

and Memory

AMYGDALA

⦿ Amygdala lesions before retention testing

disrupt conditioned fear. Hence, the

amygdala may be the site of storage of fear

memories.

⦿ Temporary inactivation by drugs during

acquisition has the same effect, suggesting a

genuine role in memory encoding.

Memory systems

⦿ Memory is not a ‘single organ’ or a single ‘thing’, rather it consists of a collection of complex interconnected and interacting systems

⦿ We do not have a memory, but we have different memory systems which share a common function of:

⦿ our perceptual systems, eg vision are constantly inputting information, however the brain must

storing information (learned through experience)

retrieving the information (when needed)

Processing different information

Storing information (in different ways & types of information)

Memory as an info-processing system

⦿ Memory is an active (uses energy) information-processing system that: ◼ Receives, ◼ Organises ◼ Stores &recovers information

⦿ Memory actively alters and organises information, then stores it so that it can be easily retrieved when needed

⦿ There are 3 key processes involved in these systems. If any of these processes fail, memory will fail An additional aspect of the Atkinson & Shiffrin human multi store

Incoming sensory input

• Info is converted for storage

Encoding

• Info is retained in brain

Storage

• Info is recovered when needed

Retrieval

MEMORY LIKE A

COMPUTER ????

⦿ Encoding

⦿ Storage

⦿ Retrieval

= hitting the letters on the key board -> it goes into the computer

= we hit ‘save’ -> we name the file and store the information for later on when we save the file

= process of getting past information back -> we need to use the right ‘cues’ in order