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a cheat sheet on memory Encoding and remembering; Shot-term memory, Long-term memory, Sensory memory, Iconic memory, Echoic memory: The Multistore model, levels of processing; Organization and Mnemonic techniques to improve memory; Theories of forgetting: decay, interference and retrieval failure: Metamemory; Amnesia: Anterograde and retrograde
Typology: Cheat Sheet
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Comparison of models for explaining human memory:
⦿ Atkinson-Shiffrin’s multi-store model of memory including maintenance and elaborative rehearsal, serial position effect and chunking
⦿ Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch’s model of working memory: central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, episodic buffer
⦿ levels of processing as informed by Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
⦿ organisation of long-term memory including declarative and episodic memory, and semantic network theory Neural basis of memory :
⦿ role of the neuron in memory formation informed by the work of E. Richard Kandel
⦿ roles of the hippocampus and temporal lobe
⦿ consolidation theory
How is information processed?
◼ Iconic ◼ Short-Term Mnemonics & Working Memory ◼ Long term Implicit Explicit ◼ Levels of processing
● Processes ● Encoding, storage, retrieval
● Methods ● Recognition, recall
● Anatomy of Memory ● Hippocampus and Amygdala
THE RECONSTRUCTIVE NATURE OF
MEMORY
⦿ Bartlett
◼ Assigning a name influences the reproduction. ◼ The transformations are in the direction of conventional representations (highest frequency of exposure) ◼ Features that are not at first recognized are elaborated until recognition is produced ◼ Once a recognizable feature is produced, it is reduced to its most conventional simplification
The Reconstruction: Not Just for Stories
Images, Too!
HIPPOCAMPUS
Anatomy of
Memory
Amygdala: emotional memory and memory consolidation
Basal ganglia & cerebellum: memory for skills, habits and
CC responses
Hippocampus: memory recognition, spatial, episodic
memory, laying down new declarative long-term memories
Thalamus, formation of new memories and working
memories
Cortical Areas: encoding of factual memories, storage of
episodic and semantic memories, skill learning, priming.
The Amygdal: Fear
and Memory
Memory systems
⦿ Memory is not a ‘single organ’ or a single ‘thing’, rather it consists of a collection of complex interconnected and interacting systems
⦿ We do not have a memory, but we have different memory systems which share a common function of:
⦿ our perceptual systems, eg vision are constantly inputting information, however the brain must
storing information (learned through experience)
retrieving the information (when needed)
Processing different information
Storing information (in different ways & types of information)
Memory as an info-processing system
⦿ Memory is an active (uses energy) information-processing system that: ◼ Receives, ◼ Organises ◼ Stores &recovers information
⦿ Memory actively alters and organises information, then stores it so that it can be easily retrieved when needed
⦿ There are 3 key processes involved in these systems. If any of these processes fail, memory will fail An additional aspect of the Atkinson & Shiffrin human multi store
Incoming sensory input
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
MEMORY LIKE A
COMPUTER ????
⦿ Encoding
⦿ Storage
⦿ Retrieval
= hitting the letters on the key board -> it goes into the computer
= we hit ‘save’ -> we name the file and store the information for later on when we save the file
= process of getting past information back -> we need to use the right ‘cues’ in order