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CLP MID TERM SLIDES CHEAT SHEET
THE 8 P's -
PRESENTATION PREDISPOSITION PRECIPITANTS PROTECTIVE FACTORS & STRENGTHS PATTERN: Maladaptive PERPETUANTS PLAN PROGNOSIS
INTRODUCTION -
. The most important instrument you have is YOU.
- Your living example of who you are and how you struggle to live up to your potential is powerful
- A good way to begin your study of contemporary counseling theories
- Being open to self-evaluation, you not only expand your awareness of self but also build the foundation for developing your abilities and skills as a professional.
- The person and the professional are intertwined facets that cannot be separated in reality.
THE COUNSELOR AS ATHERAPEUTIC PERSON -
.Be authentic and don't hide behind your role.
Leaving your reactions and self out of your work may result in ineffective counseling.
- Be a therapeutic person
- Be willing to grow, risk, care, and be involved
- Abundant research indicates the centrality of the person of the therapist and therapeutic relationship as key factors in successful therapy.
- The contextual factors are the primary determinants of therapeutic outcome
Have an identity
- Are open to change
- Make choices that are life oriented
- Are authentic, sincere, and honest
- Have a sense of humor
- Make mistakes and are willing to admit them• Live in the present
- Appreciate the influence of culture
- Have a sincere interest in the welfare of others
- Possess effective interpersonal skills
- Become deeply involved in their work and derive meaning from it
- Are passionate
- Are able to maintain healthy boundaries
PERSONAL THERAPY FORTHE COUNSELOR -
(1) as part of the therapist's training, personal therapy offers a model of therapeutic practice in which the trainee observes a more experienced therapist at work and learns experientially what is helpful or not helpful.
- (2) a beneficial experience in personal therapy can further enhance a therapist's interpersonal skills, which are essential to skillfully practicing therapy
.• (3) successful personal therapy can contribute to a therapist's ability to deal with the ongoing stresses associated with clinical work.
- Dealing with Demands from Clients
- Dealing with Clients who lack Commitment
- Tolerating ambiguity
- Becoming Aware of YourCountertransference
- Developing a Sense of Humor
- Sharing Responsibility with the Client
- Declining to Give Advice
- Defining Your Role as a Counselor
MAINTAINING YOUR VITALITY AS A PERSON AND PROFESSIONAL -
.Therapeutic Lifestyle changes (TLCs)
- Physical activity
- Diet and nutrition
- Being in nature
- Relationships
- Recreation
- Religious/spiritual involvement
- Providing services to others
INTRODUCTION -
.Ethical principles and issues are a basic part of professional practice
.• Balancing clients' needs against your own needs, ways of making good ethical decisions, educating clients about their rights, parameters of confidentiality, etc.
- Being ethical practitioners
TYPES OF ETHICS -
.Mandatory Ethics deals with the minimum level of professional practice.
- Aspirational Ethics involves the higheststandards of thinking and conduct.
- Positive Ethics is an approach taken by practitioners who want to do their best fo rclients rather than simply meet minimum standards to stay out of trouble.
CLIENTS' NEEDS COME FIRST -
- Become aware of your own needs, areas of unfinished business, potential personal problems, and especially sources of countertransference
.• Professional relationships with clients exist for benefitting the client.
•Examine your personal needs that can create growth-producing relationships.
ETHICAL DECISION-MAKING -
Providing clients with information they need to make informed choices
- Educating clients about the irrights and responsibilities
- Empowering clients and building a trusting relationship with them
- Addressing privacy issues with clients, including the implications of using technology to communicate
Some aspects of informed consent process include the following:
- Therapeutic procedures and goals
- Responsibilities of clients
- Limitations of and exceptions to confidentiality
- Legal and ethical parameters
- Qualifications and background of the practitioner
- Fees involved
- Approximate length of the therapeutic process
DIMENSIONS OF CONFIDENTIALITY -
Confidentiality is essential but not absolute
.• Privileged communication is a legal concept that protects clients from having their confidential communications
.• Confidentiality is developing a trusting and productive client-therapist relationship.
DIMENSIONS OF CONFIDENTIALITY -
. Exceptions to Confidentiality and Privileged Communication
- Client poses a danger to self or others.
- Clients who are children/minors, dependent adults, or older adults arevictims of abuse
.• Client needs to be hospitalized.
- Information is made an issue in a court action.
- Client requests a release of record
.Ethical Concerns with the Use of Technology
- Confidentiality and privacy can become more complicated when technology is involved.
- ACA Code of Ethics (2014) contains a new set of standards with regard to the use of technology, computer-mediated communication, and social media as a delivery platform.
ETHICAL ISSUES FROM MULTICULTURAL PERSPECTIVE -
Current theories can be, and need to be, expanded to include a multi-cultural perspective.
Assumptions made about mental health, optimum human development, and the nature of effective treatment may have little relevance for some clients.
ETHICAL ASPECTS OF EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE -
.Treatments have been validated by empirical research
- Treatments are usually brief and standardized
- Are preferred by many insurance companies
- Enhance the effectiveness of client services and to improve public health
- Empirically analyze the most effective and efficient treatments
- Mechanistic and do not take into full consideration the relational dimensions of the psychotherapy process and individual variability
- Existential concerns that do not fit with any diagnostic category
MANAGING MULTIPLE RELATIONSHIP IN COUNSELING PRACTICE -
.Either sexual or nonsexual, multiple relationships occur when counselors assume roles sequentially with a client
- Multiple relationship is often used instead of dual relationship because of the complexities involved
- Nonprofessional relationships
- Nonprofessional interactions or nonsexual multiple relationships pose a challenge to practitioner
- Dual or multiple relationships are combining the roles of teacher and therapist or of supervisor and therapist.
- ACA Code of Ethics (ACA, 2014) teaches how to manage multiple roles and responsibilities in an ethical way
.• Inherent in counseling relationships and training relationships, balancing boundary issues, addressing nonprofessional relationships, etc.
- Boundaries in Psychotherapy: Ethical and Clinical Explorations (Zur, 2007) is an excellent resource
PERSPECTIVE ON MULTIPLE RELATIONSHIPS -
.For helping professionals who are using social media, a host of ethical concerns about boundaries, dual relationships, confidentiality, and privacy are raised
Practitioners should maintain the following:
- Limit what is shared online.
- Include social networking policies as part of informed consent
.• Regularly update protective settings, because privacy rules change.
BECOMING AN ETHICAL COUNSELOR -
.Knowing and following your profession's code of ethics
- Interpreting the ethical guidelines of your professional organization and applying them to particular situations
- Seeking consultation from trusted colleagues and supervisors
- Ethical decision making is an evolutionary process that requires tobe continually open and self- reflective
VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE -
The following are clinical evidence for postulating the unconscious:
- Dreams
- Slips of the tongue
- Posthypnotic suggestions
- Material derived from free-association techniques
- Material derived from projective techniques
- Symbolic content of psychotic symptoms
ANXIETY -
Feeling of dread resulting from repressed feelings, memories, and desires
- Develops out of conflict among the id, ego, and superego to control psychic energy
- The following are the three types of anxiety:
- Reality Anxiety—fear of danger from the external world• Neurotic Anxiety—fear that cause person to do something for which they will be punished
- Moral Anxiety—fear of one's conscience
EGO-DEFENSE MECHANISMS -
.Help the individual cope with anxiety and prevent the ego from being overwhelmed
- Are normal behaviors that have adaptive value if they do not become a style of life to avoid facing reality
- The following are the two characteristics in common:
- They either deny or distort reality.
- They operate on an unconsciousness level.
EGO-DEFENSE MECHANISMS -
.Repression
- Denial
- Reaction Formation
- Projection
- Displacement
- Rationalization
.Sublimation
- Regression
- Introjection
- Identification
- Compensation
DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY -
Freud's Psychosexual Stages:
- Ages 35-60: Middle age
- Ages 60+: Later life
ERIKSON'S PSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE -
.Psychosocial stages: Erikson's basic psychological and social tasks to be mastered from infancy through old age
- Erikson's theory of development holds that psychosexual and psychosocial growth take place together
- During each psychosocial stage, we face a specific crisis that must beresolved in order to move forward
THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS -
.The goal is to make the unconscious conscious and strengthen the ego so that behavior is based on reality
- Increase adaptive functioning, which involves the reduction of symptoms and the resolution of conflicts
- The process is not limited to solving problems and learning new behaviors
- Achieving insight but not just an intellectual understanding
THERAPIST'S FUNCTION & ROLE -
. Blank-screen approach, also known as anonymous nonjudgmental stance, fosters transference
.• Transference relationship refers to the client's tendency to view the therapist in terms that are shaped by his or her experiences with important caregivers and other significant figures who played important roles during the developmental process.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THERAPIST & CLIENT -
Transference is the client's unconscious shifting to the analyst of feelings
.• Working-through process consists of repetitive and elaborate explorations of unconscious material, originated in early childhood.
- Countertransference occurs when therapists lose their objectivity because their own conflicts are triggered
APPLICATION: THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES & PROCEDURES -
Maintaining the Analytic Framework
- Therapist uses a range of procedural and stylistic factors (e.g., analyst's relative anonymity, consistency of meetings)
Free Association
- Clients are encouraged to say whatever comes to mind
Interpretation
- Analyst's pointing out, explaining, and even teaching the client the meanings of behavior
APPLICATION: THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES & PROCEDURES -
Dream Analysis
- Therapist uses the "royal road to the unconscious" to bring unconscious material to light
Analysis and Interpretation of Resistance
- Works against the progress of therapy and prevents the client from producing previously unconscious material
Analysis and Interpretation of Transference
CONTRIBUTIONS -
Helps therapists understand the following:
- Extensive empirical literature on attachment, emotion, defenses, personality, and other areas that support the theoretical models and clinical experiences of psychoanalytic therapists
- The value of concepts such as unconscious motivation, the influence of early development, transference, countertransference, and resistance
LIMITATIONS/CRITICISMS -
.This approach may not be appropriate for all cultures or socioeconomic groups
- Deterministic focus does not emphasize current maladaptive behaviors
- Minimizes role of the environment
- Requires subjective interpretation
- Relies heavily on client fantasy
- Lengthy treatment may not be practical or affordable for many clients
Stan and Dr. Corey explore Stan's tendency to think a lot before answering questions. Dr. Corey describes this as
A. rumination
.B. transference.
C. repression.
D. censoring.
When discussing his tendency to be initially silent when Dr. Corey asks him a question, Stan explains that this is due to
A. fearing his words may come back to haunt him.
B. wondering how Dr. Corey would respond to the question.
C. feeling exhausted by therapy.
D. asking himself whether the therapeutic process is helpful
Psychoanalytic therapists have a number of ways to help clients explore unconscious materials. Which method does Dr. Corey use with Stan when he asks him to say what comes to mind about words?
A. exposing latent content
B. identification of defense mechanisms
C. dream analysis
D. free association
Both transference and countertransference can be important in psychoanalytic therapy. What statement does Stan make that sug -
D. censoring.
A. fearing his words may come back to haunt him.
D. free association
"B. "I'm afraid you're thinking...this is so boring."
CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOANALYSIS -
Contemporary American psychoanalysis has a greater emphasis on:
