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clouding computing to edge computing
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ABSTRACT Cloud computing is clearly one of today‟s most enticing technology areas due, at least in part, to its cost-efficiency and flexibility. However, despite the surge in activity and interest there are significant, persistent concerns about cloud computing that are impeding momentum and will eventually compromise the vision of cloud computing as a new IT procurement model.
LIST OF FIGURES SNO. FIGURE NAME^ PAGE NO. 1 SERVICES OF CLOUD 01 2 VALUE VISIBILITY TO END USER 02 3 CLOUD COMPUTING 03 4 DIFFERENT LAYERS OF 04 5 CLOUD COMPUTING TYPES 07 6 MOBILE CONNECTIVITY 23
outgrowth of Salesforce.com) and Google Applications are examples of PaaS. Developers need to know that currently, there are not standards for interoperability or data portability in the cloud. Software-as-a-Service cloud model, the vendor supplies the hardware infrastructure, the software product and interacts with the user through a front-end portal. SaaS is a very broad market. Services can be anything from Web-based email to inventory control and database processing. Because the service provider hosts both the application and the data, the end user is free to use the service from anywhere. FIG 1.2: VALUE VISIBILITY TO END USER A cloud service has three distinct characteristics that differentiate it from traditional hosting. 1.It is sold on demand, typically by the minute or the hour
Traditional business applications have always been very complicated and expensive. The amount and variety of hardware and software required to run them are daunting. You need a whole team of experts to install, configure, test, run, secure, and update them. When you multiply this effort across dozens or hundreds of applications, it‟s easy to see why the biggest companies with the best IT departments aren‟t getting the applications they need. Small and mid-sized businesses don‟t stand a chance.
With cloud computing, you eliminate those headaches because you‟re not managing hardware and software-that‟s the responsibility of an experienced vendor like salesforce.com. The shared infrastructure means it works like a utility: You only pay for what you need, upgrades are automatic, and scaling up or down is easy. Cloud-based apps can be up and running in days or weeks, and they cost less. With a cloud application, you just open a browser, log in, customize the application, and start using it. Businesses are running all kinds of apps in the cloud, like customer relationship management (CRM), HR, accounting, and much more. Some of the world‟s largest companies moved their applications to the cloud with salesforce.com after rigorously testing the security and reliability of our infrastructure. As cloud computing grows in popularity, thousands of companies are simply rebranding their non-cloud products and services as “cloud computing.” Always dig deeper when evaluating cloud offerings and keep in mind that if you have to buy and manage hardware and software, what you‟re looking at isn‟t really cloud computing but a false cloud.
FIG 2.1: CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE Cloud Architecture runs on a very important assumption, which is mostly true. The assumption is that the demand for resources is not always consistent from client to cloud. Because of this reason the servers of cloud are unable to run at their full capacity. To avoid this scenario, server virtualization technique is applied. In sever virtualization, all physical servers are virtualized and they run multiple servers with either same or different application. As one physical server acts as multiple physical servers, it curtails the need for more physical machines. As a matter of fact, data is the most important part of cloud computing; thus, data security is the top most priority in all the data operations of cloud. Here, all the data are backed up at multiple locations. This astoundingly increases the data storage to multiple times in cloud compared with a regular system. Redundancy of data is crucial, which is a must-have attribute of cloud computing.
1. HIGH SCALABILITY Cloud environments enable servicing of business requirements for larger audiences, through high scalability. 2. AGILITY The cloud works in the „distributed mode‟ environment. It shares resources among users and tasks, while improving efficiency and agility (responsiveness). 3. HIGH AVAILABILITY AND RELIABILITY
Availability of servers is high and more reliable as the chances of infrastructure failure are minimal.
4. MULTI-SHARING With the cloud working in a distributed and shared mode, multiple users and applications can work more efficiently with cost reductions by sharing common infrastructure. 5. SERVICES IN PAY-PER-USE MODE SLA’s between the provider and the user must be defined when offering services in pay per use mode. This may be based on the complexity of services offered. Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) may be offered to the users so they can access services on the cloud by using these APIs. 6. SUPPORT FOR ALL SERVICE ORIENTED APPLICATIONS Cloud computing has the potential to help agencies leverage modern technologies such as computer virtualization and worldwide Internet connectivity. Some of the key business drivers are:
with customers over the Internet; b. Reducing upfront costs of capital expenditure of computer equipment and related expenses such as a physical data centre and support staff, while reducing the associated financial risk to the agency by replacing upfront costs with reasonably predictable operational expenditure, and only paying for the amount of computing processing and data storage that is actually used; c. Potentially reducing ongoing costs due to the use of infrastructure and technical specialists that are typically shared among many customers to achieve economies of scale, however the cost of applying controls to help address security risks especially associated with shared infrastructure may reduce the potential cost savings of some types of cloud computing. d. Potentially improving business continuity and the availability of computing Infrastructure if users have guaranteed available network connectivity, where the infrastructure can rapidly and flexibly scale to meet peaks and troughs in usage demand, and with the computing infrastructure e. Potentially reducing carbon footprint due to the more efficient use of computer
storage to generate PDFs of 11 million articles for the paper‟s archives, at a small fraction of traditional costs.
Security is a significant concern in public clouds.
This cloud computing environment resides within the boundaries of an organization and is used exclusively for the organization‟s benefits.These are also called “internal clouds”. They are built primarily by IT departments within enterprises who seek to optimize utilization of infrastructure resources within the enterprise by provisioning the infrastructure with applications using the concepts of grid and virtualization
IT teams in the organization may have to invest in buying, building and managing the clouds independently
This cloud computing environment is outside of the boundaries of the organization, though it is not necessarily a public cloud. Some external clouds make their cloud infrastructure available to specific other organizations, but not to the general public
This cloud involves a private cloud that is shared by several organisations with similar security requirements and a need to store or process data of similar sensitivity. This model attempts to obtain most of the security benefits of a private cloud, and most of the economic benefits of a public cloud. An example community cloud is the sharing of a private cloud by several agencies of the same government
This is a combination of both private (internal) and public (external) cloud computing environments.
Clouds can be classified as: 1.Infrastructures 2.Platforms 3.Applications
Companies host applications on the Internet and users sign up and use them, without concerning themselves about its maintenance and where abouts. This is also called as SaaS (Software-as-a- Service).
Mostly free, very easy to use, feature rich, easy to access and promises good consumer adoption.
User can only use the application and would not know the technology leveraged to develop the application; thereby user has little control over application development
There are various tools and features that users will be able to track when using the cloud computing resource. These features/tools would include:
There is no need for users to invest their time and money into using stand alone servers
which would be a bit complicating to use compared to the cloud method. It is a cheaper way to maintain the software and it will save time, as the developers keep track of updates and maintain your programs while you use it. There is no need for replacing capital expenditures on a regular basis. The cost of using cloud resources is very economical for resources such as centralized, real estate, bandwidth, and power. Users will also save money on software updates, management costs, and data storage costs
There is no need to purchase and setup hardware manually when using the cloud computing method. Depending upon their needs the user can quickly scale up or scale down.
Users can now pay closer attention to the innovation process because they don‟t have to manually manage other resources. Cloud computing produces a faster development pace for prototype and testing phases. Projects at which users have to watch over for progress on a regular basis will benefit the most because of this advantage.
Since overheads are low when sharing the same infrastructure the services are available to use immediately. Payments are only billed for the times that the service is being utilized. You can easily check the cost of the bill because the service provider will make them available online for you to view.
Areas that have lower overheads are able to utilize this service and take advantage of the benefits as well. Many different websites are able to be set up in the case of a disaster recovery which helps the companies to cut costs in different ways.
Cloud computing is not only cost effective, but utilizing it also helps to cut back on global wastes. It is environmentally friendly since it is shared by multiple users. The down time
accessing the server. Privacy is another issue with cloud servers. Ensuring that a client‟ s data is not accessed by any unauthorized users is of great importance for any cloud service. To make their servers more secure, cloud service vendors have developed password protected accounts, security servers through which all data being transferred must pass and data encryption techniques. After all, the success of a cloud service depends on its reputation, and any sign of a security breach would result in a loss of clients and business
While in the long run, cloud hosting is a lot cheaper than traditional technologies, the fact that it‟ s currently new and has to be researched and improved actually makes it more expensive. Data centers have to buy or develop the software that‟ ll run the cloud, rewire the machines and fix unforeseen problems. This makes their initial cloud offers more expensive. Like in all other industries, the first customers pay a higher price and have to deal with more issues than those who switch later.
This is only a temporary problem, but current technologies are still in the testing stages, so they don‟t reallyoffer the flexibility they promise. Of course, that‟ ll change in the future, but some of the current users might have to deal with the facts that their cloud server is difficult or impossible to upgrade without losing some data, for example
More and deeper knowledge is required for implementing and managing contracts with CSP‟ s.Since all knowledge about the working of the cloud (e.g. hardware, software, virtualization, deployment) is concentrated at the CSP, it is hard to get grip on the CSP.
Integration with equipment hosted in other data centers is difficult to achieve. Peripherals integration. (Bulk)Printers and local security IT equipment (e.g. access systems) is difficult to integrate. But also (personal) USB devices or smart phones or groupware and email systems are difficult to integrate
It is worth highlighting that many overlapping and sometimes conflicting definitions of edge computing exist—edge computing means many things to many people. But for our purposes, the most mature view of edge computing is that it is offering application developers and service providers cloud computing capabilities, as well as an IT service environment at the edge of a network. The aim is to deliver compute, storage, and bandwidth much closer to data inputs and/or end users. An edge computing environment is characterized by potentially high latency among all the sites and low and unreliable bandwidth—alongside distinctive service delivery and application functionality possibilities that cannot be met with a pool of centralized cloud resources in distant data centers. By moving some or all of the processing functions closer to
