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A comprehensive review of key concepts for the clinical practice of the dental hygienist test 2. It includes questions and answers covering topics such as the periodontium, gingival structures, oral anatomy, medical history, vital signs, and emergency procedures. Designed to help students prepare for the exam by providing a structured overview of important concepts and their applications in clinical practice.
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Periodontium: gingiva and attachment apparatus
Attachment Apparatus: PDL, Cementum, alveolar bone
Gingiva: Free Gingiva, Attached gingiva, Interdental Gingiva or interdental papillae. - ANSWERS-Identify the 2 parts of the periodontium:
The three parts of the attachment apparatus:
The three parts of the Gingiva:
Gingival groups are around the cervical area within the gingival tissues while the principal fiber groups are surrounding the root. - ANSWERS-Differentiate between the gingival fiber groups and the principal fiber groups
Marginal Gingiva - ANSWERS-Closely adapted around each tooth. Connects with the attached gingival at the free gingival groove and attaches to the tooth at the coronal portion of the JE.
Gingival Sulcus - ANSWERS-Crevice or space between the free gingiva and the tooth.
Interdental Gingiva - ANSWERS-the inter proximal area between two adjacent teeth that are in contact.
Attached Gingiva - ANSWERS-gingiva that tightly adheres to the bone around the roots of the teeth.
Alveolar Mucosa - ANSWERS-Movable tissue loosely attached to the underlying bone
Filliform: dorsal surface of the tongue
Fungiform: tip and sides of the tongue
Foliate: vertical grooves on the lateral posterior sides of the tongue
2 grams of Amoxicillin orally 30-60 min before procedure - ANSWERS-Identify the prophylactic antibiotic regimen for adult patients undergoing dental treatment.
Manipulation of gingival tissue, the periapical region of teeth, or perforation of the oral mucosa.
Prosthetic cardiac valve
Previous endocarditis
Certain congenital heart diseases
Cardiac transplantation recipients with cardiac valvular disease
Consult with orthopedic surgeon for those with prosthetic joints. - ANSWERS- Identify cardiac related conditions where the prophylactic antibiotic regimen is recommended
Routine anesthetic injections through noninflected tissue.
Taking dental radiographs.
Placement of removable prosthetic or orthodontic appliances.
Shedding of primary teeth.
Bleeding from trauma to the lips or oral mucosa. - ANSWERS-Identify cardiac related conditions where the prophylactic antibiotic regimen is not
recommended.
infective endocarditis - ANSWERS-It is an infection of the endocardium (the inner lining of your heart chambers and heart valves). Occurs when bacteria spreads through bloodstream and attaches to damaged areas of the heart.
antibiotic premedication - ANSWERS-Provision of an effective antibiotic before invasive clinical procedures that can create a transient bacteremia, which in turn, can cause IE or other serious infection.
Oral conditions reflect the general health of pt
General health factors influence response to treatment
The state of the pits health is constantly changing - ANSWERS-Discuss the significance and purposes of the medical/dental history
To provide info pertinent to the etiology and diagnosis of oral conditions and total pt care plan.
Reveal conditions that necessitate precautions, modification, or adaptations during appts.
Aid in the identification of possible unrecognized conditions for which the pt may be referred.
Furnish evidence oil legal matters
Gives insight into emotional and psychological factors. - ANSWERS-Discuss the reasons for obtaining a medical/dental history prior to treatment
The interview, the questionnaire, or a combination of both.
Questionnaire: Legal written record with pts consent, consistent, time saving.
to treat the patient. - ANSWERS-State the ASU Dental Hygiene policy regarding patients who are taking anticoagulant therapy.
Pulse
Respiration
Blood pressure
Temperature
Smoking status - ANSWERS-What are the 5 vital signs?
Hypertension - ANSWERS-Systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or greater and diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or greater. (High blood pressure)
Systole - ANSWERS-The contraction or period of contraction of the heart especially the ventricles, during which blood is forced into the aorta and the pulmonary artery. It is the highest or greatest pressure.
Diastole - ANSWERS-the phase in the cardiac cycle in which the heart relaxes between contractions and the two ventricles are dilated by the blood flowing into them; the lowest blood pressure.
Stage I Hypertension range - ANSWERS-140-159/ 90-
Stage II Hypertension range - ANSWERS-systolic greater than or equal to 160
diastolic greater than or equal to 100
Prehypertension - ANSWERS-120-139/80-
asymptomatic - ANSWERS-Hypertension can sometimes be ______
Systolic
Diastolic
Pulse Pressure - ANSWERS-What are the components of blood pressure?
pulse pressure
It could be an indicator of a possible heart attack. It can help identify an unhealthy heart. - ANSWERS-The difference between the systolic and the diastolic pressure is called the ______.
Why is it important?
98.6 degrees F
Range is from 96-99.5 degrees F - ANSWERS-Normal body temperature for adults
Use of a thermometer: Under the tongue, in the ear canal, the forhead
Disposable paper
Note: Mercury in Glass is no longer used due to risk of mercury exposure - ANSWERS-List some ways to determine temperature:
Bradycardia - ANSWERS-Unusually sow heartbeat under 50 BPM is called _____.
Tachycardia - ANSWERS-Unusually fast heartbeat over 100 BPM is called ______.
Adults: 12-20 per minute
Children: decreases steadily during childhood - ANSWERS-Identify normal respiration rates for adults and children:
Increased: work and exercise, excitement, nervousness, strong emotions, pain, hemorrhage shock
Decreased: sleep, certain drugs, pulmonary insufficiency - ANSWERS-Cite factors that influence respiration rates:
Tachypnea - ANSWERS-Increased respiration rate above 28 is called ____
Bradypnea - ANSWERS-Decreased aspiration rate below 12 is called ____.
Count immediately after the pulse so that the patient is unaware. Maintain the fingers over the radial pulse. Count the number of times the chest rises in 1 minute. - ANSWERS-Procedure for observing respirations:
Blood Pressure - ANSWERS-The force that is exerted by the blood on the walls of blood vessels is called _____.
Hypothermia - ANSWERS-Abnormally low body temperature is called _____.
Hyperthermia - ANSWERS-Abnormally high body temperature is called ______.
For early identification of abnormalities and pathologies. - ANSWERS-State the objectives for performing thorough head and neck and soft tissue examination:
Visual: to note surface appearance and to observe movement and other evidence of function.
Palpation: sense of touch through tissue manipulation or pressure on an area with the fingers of one hand or both.
Instrumentation: using a probe or explorer to examine the teeth and periodontal tissues. - ANSWERS-List and define three methods of examination:
It will minimize the possibility of excluding areas and overlooking details of importance. It improves efficiency, promotes professionalism, and inspires patient confidence. - ANSWERS-Identify the need for a systematic order when performing an examination:
Lips/ Vestibular Mucosa
Buccal Mucosa
Vestibule
Soft and hard palate
bilateral - ANSWERS-The two hands are used at the same time to examine corresponding structures on opposite sides of the body. Example: fingers beneath the chin to palpate the submandibular lymph nodes.
black hairy tongue - ANSWERS-elongation of filiform papillae and painless overgrowth of mycelial threads of fungus infection on the tongue.
blanched - ANSWERS-white or pale
Linea Alba - ANSWERS-chronic very mild topical frictional injury and is located where the upper and lower teeth meet, on the buccal mucosa
induration - ANSWERS-Act of hardening; a specific area of hardened tissue
petechiae - ANSWERS-minute hemorrhagic spots of pinhead to pinpoint size
Macule - ANSWERS-A circumscribed area not elevated but above the surrounding skin or mucosa. May be identified by its color which contrasts with the surrounding normal tissues.
Localized, generalized, single, or multiple; they can be classified as elevated, depressed, or flat. - ANSWERS-Lesions can be:
lesion - ANSWERS-A wound or injury; a pathologic change in tissue.
Leukoplakia - ANSWERS-White patch or plaque that cannot be scraped off or characterized as any other disease. May be associated with physical or chemical agents and the use of tobacco.
Localized - ANSWERS-Lesions limited to a small focal area
Nicotinic stomatitis - ANSWERS-Whitish lesion on hard palate caused by heat from smoking or hot liquid consumption.
Erythroplakia - ANSWERS-a rare oral precancerous lesion that cannot be characterized as any specific disease.
papilla - ANSWERS-resembling a small, nipple-shaped projection or elevation.
torus, tori - ANSWERS-Bony elevation or prominence usually found on the midline of the hard palate and the lingual surface of the mandible in the premolar area.
dorsum - ANSWERS-top of the tongue
edema - ANSWERS-excessive accumulation of fluid in cells and tissues
stippling - ANSWERS-the pitted, orange-peel appearance frequently seen on the surface of the attached gingiva
nodule - ANSWERS-
palpate - ANSWERS-
Fordyce granules - ANSWERS-
generalized - ANSWERS-
geographic tongue - ANSWERS-
vestibule - ANSWERS-
xerostomia - ANSWERS-dry mouth
hypoplasia - ANSWERS-the incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells
hyperplasia - ANSWERS-abnormal increase in volume of a tissue or organ caused by formation and growth of new normal cells.
fibrosis - ANSWERS-a fibrotic change of the mucous membrane, especially the gingiva, because of chronic inflammation. fibrotic tissue may appear healthy, thus making underlying disease.
fluorosis - ANSWERS-discoloration and pitting of tooth enamel caused by excess fluoride during tooth development
varicosities - ANSWERS-abnormally dilated and tortuous veins that usually appear in the lower extremities.
ventral surface - ANSWERS-underside of tongue; inferior surface
vesicle - ANSWERS-small 1 cm or less in diameter circumscribed blisterform lesion with a thin surface covering.
suppurative - ANSWERS-containing or producing pus
Every detail of the oral examination and follow up procedures with reports from consultants, laboratories, medical follow-up, and outcomes.
Recommendations for the frequency of a complete oral exam, at future hygiene maintenance appts.
Review of all lifestyle habits that may provide a cause for the lesion.
A progress note representing the patients first maintenance appt following the incident of the biopsy and learning the lesion was not cancerous. - ANSWERS- Identify the information to be included when describing observed pathology:
Class V: Positive for cancer - ANSWERS-Explain terminology used to describe the pathological findings of a laboratory report and give their meanings:
The health of the gingiva - ANSWERS-State the ultimate goal of dental hygiene treatment
Masticatory mucosa - ANSWERS-Oral mucosa that covers the hard palate, dorsum of the tongue, and gingiva. It is keratinized.
Lining Mucosa - ANSWERS-Mucous membrane that covers the inside of the cheeks, vestibule, lips, soft palate, and underside of the tongue and acts as a cushion for underlying structures. Not keratinized.
Specialized Mucosa - ANSWERS-covers the dorsum of the tongue and is composed of many papillae.
Between anterior teeth it is pointed and pyramidal;
between posterior teeth it is flatter with wider contact areas. - ANSWERS- Explain the difference in the shape of anterior and posterior interdental papillae:
Vascular supply
Thickness
Degree of keratinization
Pigmentation - ANSWERS-Cite four factors that influence gingival color:
Actual recession is measured from the CEJ to the attachment, visible recession is exposed root surface visible on clinical examination from the gingival margin to the CEJ. Both can be measure with a probe. - ANSWERS-Differentiate visible and actual recession:
The JE may be apical to the CEJ
After healing, the sulcus depths may be within normal range and no bleeding occurs when probed.
A thorough careful examination is necessary to control factors that may permit recurrence of disease. - ANSWERS-Describe the changes in the periodontium following periodontal treatment:
Anatomic crown - ANSWERS-part of the tooth covered by enamel
Anatomic root - ANSWERS-part of the tooth covered by cementum
Cementum - ANSWERS-Thin layer pf calcified connective tissue that covers the tooth from the CEJ to, and around, the apical foramen.
Periodontal ligament - ANSWERS-Holds tooth in the socket
