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Classical Sociological Theory Exam 1, Exams of Sociology

University of KentSociology

An overview of classical sociological theory, including its definition, paradigms, foci, and origins. It also discusses the social and intellectual forces that contributed to its development, as well as the notable accomplishments of key figures such as Comte, Durkheim, and Marx. The document concludes with a discussion of the basic methods for an emergent sociology and the major sources of British sociology.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 02/07/2024

EmmaMoss
EmmaMoss 🇬🇧

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Classical Sociological Theory exam 1
1. What is theory?
a systematic explanation of how a social phenomenon exists
made up of concepts and explicit definitions
originated in 1880's-1890s
2. What are paradigms?
competing schools of thought, 3 main ones
Structural functionalism
Conflict theory
Symbolic interactionism
3. What are a few of the classical foci?
the rise of capitalism
science as a challenge to religion, and the decline of the church
matters of class, race, and gender
4. What is classical sociological theory?
theories of great scope and ambition, created during socy's classical age in
Europe (1800s-1900s), or with roots in that period and culture
5. Where did CST originate?
it was produced largely in France, England, and Germany
6. What are some social forces in the development of CST?
Political Revolutions
Industrial Revolution
Colonialism
Rise of Socialism and Capitalism
Feminism
Urbanization
Religious change
Growth of science
7. What are some intellectual forces in the development of CST?
The Enlightenment
The Conservative Reaction to the enlightenment
8. Who were some people crucial to the development of French Sociology?
Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859)
Claude Henri Saint-Simon (1760-1825)
Comte (1798-1857)
Durkheim
9. What were the French Sociologists concerned with?
They were asking questions of social order and stability
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  1. What is theory? a systematic explanation of how a social phenomenon exists made up of concepts and explicit definitions originated in 1880's-1890s
  2. What are paradigms? competing schools of thought, 3 main ones Structural functionalism Conflict theory Symbolic interactionism
  3. What are a few of the classical foci? the rise of capitalism science as a challenge to religion, and the decline of the church matters of class, race, and gender
  4. What is classical sociological theory? theories of great scope and ambition, created during socy's classical age in Europe (1800s-1900s), or with roots in that period and culture
  5. Where did CST originate? it was produced largely in France, England, and Germany
  6. What are some social forces in the development of CST? Political Revolutions Industrial Revolution Colonialism Rise of Socialism and Capitalism Feminism Urbanization Religious change Growth of science
  7. What are some intellectual forces in the development of CST? The Enlightenment The Conservative Reaction to the enlightenment
  8. Who were some people crucial to the development of French Sociology? Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859) Claude Henri Saint-Simon (1760-1825) Comte (1798-1857) Durkheim
  9. What were the French Sociologists concerned with? They were asking questions of social order and stability
  1. Who were some people crucial to the development of German Sociology? Hegel Marx Weber Simmel
  2. What were the German Sociologists concerned with? They were asking questions about social change
  3. What is the Law of 3 Stages? The law of 3 stages proposes there are 3 intellectual stages through which the world has gone throughout history Theological Stage: characterized the world prior to 1300, the major idea system emphasized that the supernatural and religion is at the root of everything Metaphysical Stage: 1300-1800, nature rather than abstract forces explain things Positivistic stage: 1800, belief in science
  4. What are some of Comte's notable accomplishments? the 1st to use term sociology developed positivism and "social physics" aka SOCY created the Law of 3 stages
  5. Why is Claude Henri Saint-Simon important? significant to the development of both conservative and radical theory was a positivist
  6. What are some of Durkheim's notable accomplishments? Social Facts: forces and structures that are external to, and coercive of, the individual. Including material and non-material Collective Conscience
  7. What is the Labor Theory of Value? The labor theory of value says that the profit of the capitalist is based on the exploitation of the worker MARX
  8. What is Alienation? The breakdown of the natural interconnection among people and between people and what they produce occurs b/c capitalism has evolved into a 2 class system, where capitalists own the production process, the products, and the labor time of those who work for them MARX
  9. What is ontology? The study of what is real, truthful

1st black PhD graduate of Harvard pioneered the use of multiple methods Double conciousness; a thing black people have, a type of lens, 1 positive 1 negative

  1. What was de Tocqueville really obsessed with? Freedom, equality, individualism also super worried about centralization, especially centralized government which to him meant a loss of freedom
  2. What is the Comparative-Historical Method? de Tocqueville was an early pioneer of this method compared aristocracy vs democracy not done in a scientific way, it was more just observations
  3. What are social mores? really important norms which have sanctions for violating them
  4. What is individualism? a calm and considered feeling which disposes of each citizen to isolate himself from the mass of his fellows and withdraw into the circle of family and friends, with this little society formed to his taste, he gladly leaves the greater society to look after itself de Tocqueville is often credited with the invention of the term is of democratic origin, and threatens to grow as conditions get more equal is tied to actions taken/not taken based on misguided judgment is misguided because people are no longer involved with other people (except intimates) and things (esp. communities) outside of themselves
  5. What is egoism? springs from a blind instinct, depraved feeling egoism relates much more to feelings egoism is a vice as old as the world seems to be associated with human nature
  6. What are civil associations?` associated in civil life which have no political object the great advantage of these civil associates is out of such interactions "feelings and ideas are renewed, the heart enlarged, and the understanding developed"
  7. Why do we care about Comte? initiates scientific sociology provides insight into the OG purpose of SOCY serves as an important point of comparison for the big sociologists
  1. What are the 3 basic methods for an emergent Sociology?
  2. observation- in an unbiased manner, look for the universal covering laws
  3. experimentation- indirect (natural) and direct
  4. comparison- spacial comparison and time comparison
  5. What are social statics? defined by Comte as the investigation of the laws of action and reaction of the different parts of the social system sources of orderliness the functionality of social institution; pattern sets of social structure example: the family, religion, the economy, the division of labor and how each of these institutions are wedded together for the betterment of the whole
  6. What are the subjective and the objective principles? Subjective was defined by Comte as the subordination of the intellect to the heart Objective was defined by Comte as "the immutable necessity of the external world... actually existing without us
  7. Criticisms of Comte? he allowed his theoretical work to be distorted by his personal experiences he lost touch with both social and intellectual worlds never actually conducted any research lmao cerebral hygiene
  8. Pros of Comte? offers a positivist perspective his basic methods of social research-observation, experimentation, comparison, and historical research-remain major methods of social research made a bunch of contributions that were important in the development of SF
  9. What are the major sources of British sociology? political economy amerliorism social evolution
  10. What is Ameliorism? a desire to solve social problems by reforming individuals
  11. What is Political Economy? a theory of industrial and capitalist society there's an invisible hand that shaped the market for labor and goods the market was seen as an independent reality that stood above individuals and controlled their behavior