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A comprehensive overview of key concepts and definitions from chapters 1-4 of a criminal justice textbook. It covers various aspects of criminal law, including homicide, assault, robbery, theft, fraud, and white-collar crime. The document also includes definitions of important legal terms and concepts, such as mens rea, probable cause, and the exclusionary rule. It further explores the criminal justice process, including the stages of prosecution, adjudication, sentencing, and corrections. The document also touches upon the role of the police, the courts, and the corrections system in the criminal justice system.
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homicide - Answer the killing of one person by another
criminal homicide - Answer unjustified, unexcused killing of another human being
murder - Answer intentionally causing the death of another without reasonable provocation or legal justification
manslaughter - Answer criminal homicide without malice, committed intentionally after provocation
negligent homicide - Answer a lesser form of involuntary manslaughter
1st degree murder - Answer premeditated and deliberate, intentional and malicious killing
2nd degree murder - Answer a murder without premeditation and deliberation
felony murder - Answer when death is caused during the commission of a felony considered dangerous to life , the law considers it murder on the part of all participants
voluntary manslaughter - Answer a killing committed intentionally but without malice, as in the heat of passion or in response to strong provocation without an opportunity to cool off
involuntary manslaughter - Answer a person causes the death of another unintentionally but recklessly by consciously disregarding a substantial and unjustifiable risk that endangers the other person's life
mass murder - Answer the killing of one or more victims, in one act or
transaction, by one or more perpetrators
serial murder - Answer the killing of several victims over time
assault - Answer an attack on another person with apparent ability to inflict injury and at least the intent to frighten
simple assault - Answer assault that inflicts little or no physical harm
aggravated assault - Answer assault in which the perpetrator inflicts serious harm on the victim or uses a deadly weapon
robbery - Answer taking of property from a victim by force and violence or by the threat of violence
terrorism - Answer the use or threat of violence directed at people or governments to punish them for a past action or to bring about a change of policy that is to the terrorist's liking
kidnapping - Answer a felony consisting of the seizure and abduction of someone by force or threat of force and against the victim's will
larceny - Answer trespassory taking and carrying away of personal property belonging tp another with the intent to deprive the owner of the property permanently
shoplifting - Answer stealing of goods from retail merchants, makes up about 16 percent of all larcenies
fraud - Answer the acquisition of the property of another person through deception
high-tech crimes - Answer involves an attempt to pursue illegal activities through the use of sophisticated electronic devices
burglary - Answer the night or day time breaking in and entering into a house of another, with the intention to commit a crime or larceny or felony
arson - Answer malicious burning of or setting fire to the dwelling of another person
reasonable suspicion - Answer suspicion that a person has been or may be engaged in the commission of a crime
ROR - Answer no bail is required on condition that the defendant appears for trial and remains law-abiding in the meantime
preliminary hearing - Answer a preview of the trial that takes place in court before a judge
grand jury - Answer panel of sixteen to twenty-three citizens who screen the prosecution's evidence, in secret hearings to decide whether someone should be formally charged with crime
prima facie case - Answer case in which there is evidence that would warrant the conviction of the defendant unless otherwise contradicted
indictment - Answer accusation against a criminal defendant rendered by a grand jury on the basis of evidence constituting a prima facie case
information - Answer accusation against a criminal defendant prepared by a prosecuting attorney
plea bargain - Answer a preconviction deal-making process between state and the accused in which the defendant exchanges a plea of guilty for a reduction in charges
sentencing guidelines - Answer system for the judicial determination of a relatively firm sentence based on specific aggravating mitigating circumstances
probation - Answer the release of a prison-bound offender into the community, usually with specified conditions
alternative sanctions - Answer punishments or other dispositions imposed instead of the principal sanctions currently in use
parole - Answer supervised conditional release of a prisoner before expiration of the sentence of imprisonment
attribution (morality) rate - Answer rate at which the numbers decrease in the course of the criminal process because persons are diverted out of the system
automatic weapons - Answer you press the trigger once and can shoot more than one bullet at once
semiautomatic weapons - Answer you press the trigger once and can shot one bullet at a time, only type of weapon allowed in US
Are school shootings going down or up? - Answer down
attempt - Answer the attempt to commit crime
accessoryship - Answer refers to the criminal liability of all those who aid the perpetrator of an offense
principal - Answer perpetrator of a criminal act
mens rea (latin) - Answer guilty mind; awareness of wrongdoing
What are the 5 stages of the criminal justice process? - Answer 1. Entry to the system, citizens play an important role by brining criminal events to the attention of the police.
5.corrections
probable cause: - Answer a set of acts, information, circumstances and conditions that would lead a reasonable person to believe a crime has been or is about to be committed and a certain individual is responsible
4th Amendement - Answer Protection from unreasonable search and seizure
5th Amendment - Answer prohibits self-incrimination and double jeopardy and mandates due process of law
6th Amendment - Answer The right to a Speedy Trial by jury, representation by an attorney for an accused person
wedding cake model - Answer 1. Celebrated Cases 2. Serious Felony Cases 3. Lesser Felony Cases 4. Misdemeanor Cases
What are the two goals of criminal justice? - Answer to fight crime and get justice
Uniform Crime Report (UCR) - Answer official date of the crime in the United States
index crimes - Answer the eight major crimes included in Part 1 of he UCR: criminal homicide, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson
What are the 8 index crimes? - Answer criminal homicide, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft and arson
National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) - Answer a computerized system that agencies use to put the crime data into and it shares directly to the state and federal level agencies
modus operandi (MO) - Answer means and method by which a crime is committed
Why is crime down? - Answer gun laws, curfews, crack, demographics, jobs, get tough policies like longer/mandatory sentences, abortion
Who makes the Criminal Justice laws? - Answer Congress( Court Legislatures)
1960's Warren Court - Answer very liberal, gave accused rights, gave inmates rights
Miranda v. Arizona Court Case - Answer Supreme Court case that said that you must be informed of your rights before arrest
Mapp v. Ohio Court Case - Answer Established the exclusionary rule
Gideon v. Wainwright Court Case - Answer Established the right for an counsel (attorney)
Terry v. Ohio Court Case - Answer Gave law enforcement the right to "stop and frisk" (pat down) a person if they have reasonable suspicion
What is the assembly line model of justice? - Answer 1. Entry into the system 2. Prosecution and pretrial services 3. Adjudication 4.
Sentencing and Sanctions 5. Corrections
due process model - Answer requires strict adherence to the Constitution
crime control model - Answer focus on the efficiency and effectiveness of the process
Is crime down? - Answer yes
What is the most arrested race? - Answer black
What is the most arrested gender? - Answer men
What percent of black race is in America? What percent of crime do they account for? - Answer 13% and 28%
What percent of crimes committed by women, are committed by black women? - Answer 23%
dark figures of crime - Answer amount of crime that goes unreported
What is the weaknesses of dark figures of crime? - Answer Law enforcement will never know how much crime is actually happening
reasonable doubt
What is the standard of proof in Civil Law? - Answer preponderance of the evidence
actus reus - Answer criminal act that was intentional