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Criminology Study Guide: Key Concepts and Theories, Exams of Policy analysis

This study guide provides a comprehensive overview of key concepts and theories in criminology, covering topics such as classical criminology, positivist school, social disorganization theory, and learning theories. It explores the historical development of criminological thought, examines various perspectives on crime causation, and delves into the social and psychological factors that contribute to criminal behavior. The guide is particularly useful for students seeking a foundational understanding of criminology and its major theoretical frameworks.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 02/19/2025

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CJC 205 FINAL STUDY SET EXAM WITH 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
NEW UPDATE!!
Demonic Perspective
crime was said to be the result of supernatural forces
Classical Criminology
individuals have free will and choose tocommit crimes based on rational, hedonistic
decisions; they weigh out thepotential costs and benefits of offending and then choose
what will maximizetheir pleasure and minimize their pain
Cesare Beccaria
believed that punishment should fit the crime, in speedy and public trials, and that
capital punishment should be done away with completely
Deterrence
Crime may be controlled through the fear of punishment
Swift, Severe, Certain
Punishment works best when its perceived to be
Positivist School
People do not freely choose their behavior.Instead, their behavior is determined by
factors outside of their free will, suchas genetics, IQ, education, employment, peer
influences, parenting, andeconomics. Most of the scientifically validated criminological
theories of themodern era fall into this category
Cesare Lombroso
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CJC 205 FINAL STUDY SET EXAM WITH 100 % VERIFIED SOLUTIONS

NEW UPDATE!!

Demonic Perspective crime was said to be the result of supernatural forces

Classical Criminology individuals have free will and choose tocommit crimes based on rational, hedonistic decisions; they weigh out thepotential costs and benefits of offending and then choose what will maximizetheir pleasure and minimize their pain

Cesare Beccaria believed that punishment should fit the crime, in speedy and public trials, and that capital punishment should be done away with completely

Deterrence Crime may be controlled through the fear of punishment

Swift, Severe, Certain Punishment works best when its perceived to be

Positivist School People do not freely choose their behavior.Instead, their behavior is determined by factors outside of their free will, suchas genetics, IQ, education, employment, peer influences, parenting, andeconomics. Most of the scientifically validated criminological theories of themodern era fall into this category

Cesare Lombroso

The Criminal man (1876) "Born Criminal" Non-physical anomalies Biological Determinism

Charles Darwin English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

Born Criminals Lombroso's term for people whose deviance he attributed to their more primitive biology

Genetic Throwback A primitive sub species who were biologically different from non criminals

Scientific Method A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.

Atavistic relating to or characterized by reversion to something ancient or ancestral

Criminology is the scientific study of crime, especially why people commitcrime.

Ernest Burgess Creator of the Concentric Zone Model

Felton Earls He is known for a long-term study of the influence of neighbors' willingness to help each other on the neighborhood's crime rate.[

Stephen Raudenbush He is best known for his development and application of hierarchical linear models (HLM) in the field of education but he has also published on other subjects such as health and crime.

Collective Efficacy Trust and dependence amongst neighbors, and their willingness & ability to take action if there is a problem; social infrastructure can provide a buffer from crime

Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) Originating in the early 1990s, the PHDCN was designed to advance understanding of the developmental and contextual pathways of human behavior. To date, the PHDCN has examined delinquency, violence, criminal justice contacts, teenage sexuality, substance abuse, compounded deprivation, residential mobility, and mental health, among many other outcomes. The Project also provided a detailed look at the social environments in which human development takes place by collecting innovative data about Chicago neighborhoods and institutions, including from surveys, systematic videotaping of streets, and key informant interviews

Compositional effect a shift in the behavior of a group that results from a change in the group's composition, rather than a change in the behavior of individuals already in the group

Contextual effect The use of the present context of sensory information to determine its meaning.

Cross-Sectional type of study that measures a variable across several age groups at the same time

David Kirk coined the term legal cynicism

Andrew Papachristos His research aims to understand how the connected nature of cities how their citizens, neighborhoods, and institutions are tied to one another affect what we feel, think, and do.

Legal Cynicism A cultural orientation in which the law and the agents of its enforcement are viewed as illegitimate, unresponsive, and ill- equipped to ensure public safety.

Structural Features of Neighborhoods socioeconomic status, residential mobility, ethnic heterogeneity, and family disruptio

Police Interactions NEED DEF

Strategies of Action means and methods social actors use to achieve goals and fulfill needs

Learning Theories theories that see criminal behavior as learned, just as legal behavior is learned

Micro-level theories theories of delinquency that focus on the individual. focus on a small group of offenders or on an individual crime.

classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observation

Ronald Akers Social Learning Theory of Crime; Added modeling and Operant conditioning

Differential Association- Reinforcement Theory a learning-theory approach that asserts that criminal behavior is the result of socialization into a system of values that is conducive to violations of the law

Operant Conditioning a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Respondent Conditioning A stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus (NS) is presented with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response.

Soft Behaviorism Behavior patterns are all that is observable about a person but there may be more.

Behavioral Interactional Dimension refers to the direct and indirect interactions and associations with individuals that

engage in delinquent activities.

Normative Dimension the different patterns of norms and values to which an individual is exposed through this association

Differential Reinforcement people tend to repeat behaviors that are reinforced or rewarded and are less likely to continue behaviors that aren't reinforced.

Imitation copying the behavior of another person

Direct Punishment presenting an aversive stimuli

Indirect Punishment Removal or limitation of rewards

Social structure and Social Learning SS: recognizes the impact of poverty and social inequality on crime rates.

Anomie/normlessness A breakdown of Absence of norms and Values

Strain Tension

Robert Merton Argued that society is set up in a way that encourages excessive deviance. Strain Theory.

"American Dream"

argued multiple sources of strain

Cultural Structure Values regulating goals• Values regulating the means of achieving goals

Cultural Goals the objectives held out as legitimate or desirable for the members of a society to achieve

Norms rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members

Literal Demoralization a deinstitutionalization, of the means is one which characterizes many groups in which the two phases of the social structure are not highly integrated

Legitimate means In Merton's strain theory, socially acceptable ways of attaining the institutionalized goals in society

Illegitimate means individuals were unable to meet their goals through legitimate means they would resort to illegitimate, or illegal measures to achieve their goals

Equilibrium when the opportunity cost and the expected return for a crime are equal.

Culturally induced views crime in the context of an offenders culture as a motive to commit crime

End-justifies-the-means doctrine

noneconomic institutions are subservient to the economy

Achievement Orientation A drive to accomplish one's goals and to meet or exceed a high standard of success.

Individualism giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

Universalism the ethical system stating that all people should uphold certain values that society needs to function

Monetary Rewards are those reflected in pay or having financial value

Metric of Success value comes from enforcement of crimes where there was a victim, a citizen to serve

Social Institutions systems and structures within society that shape the activities of groups and individuals

Devaluation lowering the value of a nation's currency relative to other currencies

Accommodation adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

Conformity Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Ritualism The rejection of cultural goals but a rigid adherence to the legitimate means of achieving them.

Retreatism abandons both approved goals and the approved means to achieve them

Albert Cohen deviance and delinquency are a result of subculture formation.

An intentional activity that realigns the performance of the project work with the project management plan.

Objective Strains refer to events and conditions that are disliked by most people in a given group,

Subjective Strains events and conditions that are disliked by the people who have experienced them.

Experienced Strains strains the individual personally endured;they may respond with crime in order to alleviate the strain and related emotions

Vicarious Strains real life strains experienced by others around the individual

Anticipated Strains refers to the individual's expectation that current strains will continue into the future or that new strains will be experienced

Social Control Theory a theory of delinquency that links deviance with the absence of bonds to society's main institutions; Travis Hirschi (1969)

Direct Social Control the attempt to punish or neutralize organizations or individuals who deviate from society's norms

Emotional bond Individuals with strong emotional ties to their families and communities are more likely to feel a sense of responsibility towards them

Investment in conventional institutions Describes individual commitment to things like work, school, etc

Beliefs regarding crime How one buys into conventional norms

Negative emotionality the presumed underlying cause of internalizing disorders, characterized by high levels of subjective distress

Control Theory theory that compliance with social norms requires strong bonds between individuals and society

The offender will propose that they were victims of circumstance or were forced into situations beyond their control

denial of injury The offender insists that their actions did not cause any harm or damage

Denial of Victim The offender believes that the victim deserved whatever action the offender committed.

Condemnation of the condemners The offenders maintain that those who condemn their offense are doing so purely out of spite, or are shifting the blame off of themselves unfairly.

appeal to higher loyalties Individuals argue that ethics must be ignored to fulfill more important goals

Preparation something done to get ready

Desperation condition of being driven to take almost any risk as a last resort

Will A legally enforceable declaration of how a person wishes his or her property to be distributed after death

Walter Reckless containment theory

Containment Theory argues that criminals cannot resist the temptations that surround them; Pushes and Pulls

Push refer to forces that drive criminal groups from a setting

Pull refer to forces that draw criminal groups to a setting

Outer Containment Opportunities to receive status• Institutions such as family,school, church• Sense of belonging• Positive role models• Reasonable limits andresponsibilities