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Chapter Six

LECTURE OVERVIEW

• Cognitive Development:
  • Piaget’s Theory
  • Information-Processing
• Theories of Intelligence
• Ethnicity and Social Class
• Special Children
• Academic Skills
• At School

COGNITIVE

DEVELOPMENT

PIAGET’S THEORY

• Concrete Operational Period (7 to 11 years)
• Previously:
  • egocentric, confusing appearance with reality, unable to reverse thinking
• Egocentrism: wanes gradually
  • more experience with others and others opinions
• Mental operations: can reverse thought
  • ex. conservation task

Con’t….

• Comments of Piaget’s Theory
  • Formal operations is a capability
    • do not always reason at this level
  • Formal operations as an end point
    • cognitive development is complete by ages 12 or 13?
    • gain more knowledge and experience, but do we also think differently with age?

INFORMATION-PROCESSING

• How permanent memory is stored and retrieved
• Working memory: small number of ideas/thoughts that are briefly stored
• Long-term memory: permanent storehouse of knowledge
• Also: declarative memory, reference memory, episodic memory, autobiographical memory

Con’t….

• Monitoring
  • Evaluating progress toward goal
  • If strategy is not working: begin again
  • Monitoring skills improve with age

DETERMINE GOAL

SELECT STRATEGY

USE STRATEGY

MONITOR STRATEGY

focus on unlearned material

APTITUDES FOR SCHOOL

Con’t….

• Hierarchical View of Intelligence
  • general and specific components

General Intelligence (g)

fluid crystallized general memory and learning

broad visual

broad auditory

broad retrieval

broad cognitive

processing speed

Con’t….

• Fluid: sequential and quantitative reasoning, induction
• Crystallized: language
• General memory & learning: memory span, associative memory
• Broad visual: visualization, spatial relations, closure speed

Con’t….

Gardner’s Theory of Multiple

Intelligences

• Linguistic
• Logical- mathematical
• Spatial
• Musical
• Bodily-kinesthetic
  • Interpersonal
  • Intrapersonal
  • Naturalistic
  • Existential

Con’t….

Gardner’s Theory of Multiple

Intelligences

• Linguistic
• Logical- mathematical
• Spatial

Psychometric theories

• linguistic develops before others
• each intelligence is regulated to an area of the brain

BINET AND THE I.Q. TEST

• Initial testing to determine what different age groups could solve
• Mental Age: difficulty of problem that could be solved correctly
• “bright” children: higher MA than actual age
• “dull” children: lower MA than actual age

Con’t….

• Standford Binet
  • revision of initial tests
  • Intelligence Quotient (IQ): performance
  • perfectly average = 100
  • IQ is not longer computed like this, but label remains the same

IQ = MA/CA x 100