Childhood Development-Lecture Slides 05-Psychology, Slides of Childhood Development

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ENTERING THE SOCIAL

WORLD

Chapter Five

LECTURE OVERVIEW

• Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
• Attachment
• Emotional Development
• Social Interactions
• Altruism
• Gender Roles and Identity

TRUST AND ATTACHMENT

ERIKSON’S EARLY STAGES

• First 3 stages:

1. Basic trust vs. mistrust

• infancy: creates hope

2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

• 1-3 years: creates will

3. Initiative vs. guilt

• 3-5 years: creates purpose

Con’t….

• Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt
  • can control own actions
  • strive for independence from others
  • but doubt in own abilities and shame from failure
  • will: blend of autonomy, shame, and doubt leads to knowledge of limits of ability to control world

Con’t….

• Initiative versus Guilt
  • exploration of environment, questioning world
  • But initiative may create conflict which produces guilt
  • purpose: balance between initiative and willingness to cooperate with others

Con’t….

• Father-infant relationship
  • initial attachment to mother, but soon after, also to father
  • fathers play with infants more
    • rough and tumble play
  • play = father, but distressed = mother

FORMS OF ATTACHMENT

• Strange Situation

1. Mother and infant in experimental room
2. Infant explores
3. Stranger enters room and interacts with baby while mother leaves
4. Mother returns
5. Baby returns to play and mother leaves again
6. Stranger attempts to play with and comfort baby
7. Mother returns and stranger leaves

Con’t….

Avoidant Attachment:

• baby is not upset when mother leaves
• baby ignores mother when she returns
• 20% of infants
• form of insecure attachment

Con’t….

Resistant Attachment:

• baby upset when mother leaves
• baby remains upset when mother returns
• 10-15% of infants
• another example of insecure attachment

Consequences of Attachment

• tend to develop same attachment with both

parents

• similar attachment style seen with undisturbed behaviours (Attachment Q-Set)
• first relationship lays foundation for later

social relationships

• Secure:
  • more successful lower conflict friendships
  • fewer behavioural problems

But who’s at fault? Parent or child? ex. autistic children

ATTACHMENT, WORK, AND ALTERNATIVE CAREGIVING

• Impact of alternative care on attachment between mother and infant
• no overall effects
• more insecure attachments with low quality or large amounts of child care
• need:

1. low ratio of children to caregivers
2. well-trained staff
3. educational and social stimulation
4. good communciation between caregivers and parents

EXPERIENCING AND

EXPRESSING

• Basic emotions:
  • joy, anger, fear, interest, disgust, distress, sadness, and surprise
  • universally experienced
  • elements: subjective feeling, physiological change, and overt behaviour

THEORIES OF EMOTION

• James- Lange theory
• Cannon-Bard theory
• Schachter-Singer theory
• Papez’s Neural Circuit
• MacLean’s visceral system
• Vascular theory