Newborn Development: Reflexes, Assessment, Temperament, and Early Growth, Slides of Childhood Development

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THE WORLD

Chapter Three

LECTURE OVERVIEW

• The Newborn
  • Reflexes, Assessment, Temperament
• Early Physical Development
  • Growth, Nervous System
• Early Motor Skills
• Perception
  • Smell, Taste, Touch, Pain, Hearing, Seeing
• Self-Awareness

THE NEWBORN

http://www.theperfectpear.com/baby.asp

NEWBORN REFLEXES

• Reflexes: unlearned responses to specific

stimulation

• Necessary early survival skills
  • Nutrition
  • Protection
• If proper reflexes are not exhibited:
  • damage can be identified

Con’t….

• Palmar:
  • grasps object put in palm
• Rooting:
  • stroking of cheek causes turning of head and opening of mouth
• Stepping:
  • when held upright and moved forward, steps in walking-like motion

Con’t….

• Suckling:
  • sucks when object is placed in mouth
• Withdrawal:
  • withdraws foot when pricked
• Respiration
  • initiated through chemical, sensory, and thermal stimuli

ASSESSING THE NEWBORN

• Deciding baby is healthy
• ex. heart rate and breathing = Apgar score
• ex. muscle tone, presence of reflexes, skin

tone

• Score of 0, 1, or 2 (* 2 being optimal)

Con’t….

• Average birth weight = 7 lbs 8 oz
  • low birth weight is correlated with development; ex. cognitive abilities, etc.
• Average length = 50 cm
• Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale (NBAS)
• Brazelton’s Neonatal Behavioural Assessment

Con’t….

• Sleeping
  • sleep 16 to 18 hours a day
  • cycles approximately every 4 hours
  • gradually begins to correspond to day-night cycle
  • Rapid-Eye-Movement (REM) sleep:
    • body is quite active (ex. rapid eye movement)
    • state of dreams
    • half of newborns sleep; decreases with age

Con’t….

• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
  • healthy baby dies for no apparent reason
  • contributing factors:
    • premature birth and/or low birth weight
    • parents smoke
    • sleeps on stomach
    • more likely in winter (overheated?)

**** disrupted reaction to physiological stress?**

Con’t….

Genetic and Environmental Influences

• GENETIC:
  • Twins: MZ more alike in temperament than DZ twins

• ENVIRONMENTAL:

• parenting styles can contribute

Con’t….

• Stability of Temperament
  • ex. fearful preschoolers tend to be inhibited older children and adolescents
• Not perfect correlations however
  • predispositions that can be altered by environment
  • even if unstable: can still shape later development

GROWTH OF THE BODY

• more rapid than in any other period
  • double birth weight by 3 months and triple by first birthday
• great variations in height and weight
• average height and weight do not perfectly

covary

• height depends on heredity

Nutrition and Growth

• due to rapid growth:
  • must consume large amounts of calories relative to weight
• breast feeding vs. bottle feeding
  • contains proper amounts of carbohydrates, protein, and fat
  • contains antibodies
  • less prone to constipation and diarrhea
  • cannot be contaminated