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chemistry powerpoint, Lecture notes of Chemistry

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Chapter 2
Atoms, Molecules,
and Ions
Atomic Theory of Matter
The theory that atoms
are the fundamental
building blocks of
matter reemerged in the
early nineteenth
century, championed by
John Dalton.
Loading…
Dalton's Postulates
Each element is
composed of
___________________
___________________
___________________
Dalton's Postulates
All atoms of a given
element are _________
___________________
in mass and other
properties, but the
atoms of one element
___________________
___________________
___________________
Loading…
Dalton's Postulates
Atoms of an element
are ________________
___________________
__________________
by chemical reactions;
atoms are neither
____________nor
____________in
chemical reactions.
Dalton's Postulates
Compounds are
formed when ________
___________________
____________; a given
compound always has
the same ___________
___________________
___________________
The total mass of substances present at the
end of a chemical process is _____________
____________________________________
____________________________________
Law of Conservation of Mass
The Electron
Streams of negatively charged particles were found to
emanate from cathode tubes, causing fluorescence.
J. J. Thomson is credited with their discovery (1897).
The Electron
Thomson measured the charge/mass ratio of
the electron to be 1.76 108 coulombs/gram
(C/g).
Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment
Once the charge/mass
ratio of the electron
was known,
determination of either
the charge or the mass
of an electron would
yield the other.
Loading…
Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment
Robert Millikan
(University of Chicago)
determined the charge
on the electron in
1909.
Radioactivity is the ______________________
______________________________________
It was first observed by Henri Becquerel.
Marie and Pierre Curie also studied it.
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Three types of radiation were discovered by
Ernest Rutherford:
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
The Atom, circa 1900
The prevailing theory
was that of the “plum
pudding” model, put
forward by Thomson.
It featured ___________
____________________
____________________
____________________
________________
Discovery of the Nucleus
Ernest
Rutherford shot
particles at a
thin sheet of
gold foil and
observed the
pattern of
scatter of the
particles.
The Nuclear Atom
Since some particles
were deflected at
large angles,
_________________
_________________
________________.
The Nuclear Atom
Rutherford
postulated _______
________________
________________
________________
________________
________________
Most of the volume
of the atom is _____
________________
Protons were discovered by Rutherford in
1919.
Neutrons were discovered by James
Chadwick in 1932.
Other Subatomic Particles
Subatomic Particles
Protons and electrons are the only particles that
have a __________.
Protons and neutrons have essentially the same
___________.
The mass of an electron is so small _________
____________________.
Symbols of Elements
Elements are symbolized by one or two
letters.
Symbols of Elements
All atoms of the same element have the
____________________________, which is
called the ___________________________.
Symbols of Elements
The _____________________of an atom in
atomic mass units (amu) is the ___________
____________________________________
Isotopes
Isotopes are __________________________
_____________________________________
Isotopes have different numbers of ________.
Atomic Mass
Atomic and
molecular masses
can be measured
with great accuracy
using a mass
spectrometer.
Because in the real world we use large amounts
of atoms and molecules, we use average
masses in calculations.
Average mass is calculated from ___________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
Average Mass
Periodic Table
The periodic
table is a
systematic catalog
of the elements.
Elements are
arranged _______
_______________
_____________
Periodic Table
The rows on the
periodic chart are
_____________.
2/3/25, 3:12PM
Page 1 of 1
Extremely small
particles called atoms

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Download chemistry powerpoint and more Lecture notes Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity!

Chapter 2

Atoms, Molecules,

and Ions

Atomic Theory of Matter

The theory that atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter reemerged in the early nineteenth century, championed by John Dalton.

Loading…

Dalton's Postulates

Each element is composed of




Dalton's Postulates

All atoms of a given element are _________


in mass and other properties, but the atoms of one element




Loading…

Dalton's Postulates

Atoms of an element are ________________



by chemical reactions; atoms are neither ____________nor ____________in chemical reactions.

Dalton's Postulates

Compounds are formed when ________


____________; a given compound always has the same ___________



The total mass of substances present at the end of a chemical process is _____________



Law of Conservation of Mass

The Electron

  • Streams of negatively charged particles were found to emanate from cathode tubes, causing fluorescence.
  • J. J. Thomson is credited with their discovery (1897).

The Electron

Thomson measured the charge/mass ratio of the electron to be 1.76 108 coulombs/gram (C/g).

Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment

Once the charge/mass ratio of the electron was known, determination of either the charge or the mass of an electron would yield the other.

Loading…

Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment

Robert Millikan (University of Chicago) determined the charge on the electron in

  • Radioactivity is the ______________________
  • It was first observed by Henri Becquerel.
  • Marie and Pierre Curie also studied it.

Radioactivity

Radioactivity

  • Three types of radiation were discovered by Ernest Rutherford: ◦ _______________________ ◦ _______________________ ◦ _______________________

The Atom, circa 1900

  • The prevailing theory was that of the “plum pudding” model, put forward by Thomson.
  • It featured ___________



Discovery of the Nucleus

Ernest Rutherford shot

particles at a

thin sheet of gold foil and observed the pattern of scatter of the particles.

The Nuclear Atom

Since some particles were deflected at large angles,



________________.

The Nuclear Atom

  • Rutherford postulated _______




  • Most of the volume of the atom is _____
  • Protons were discovered by Rutherford in
  • Neutrons were discovered by James Chadwick in 1932.

Other Subatomic Particles

Subatomic Particles

  • Protons and electrons are the only particles that have a __________.
  • Protons and neutrons have essentially the same ___________.
  • The mass of an electron is so small _________ ____________________.

Symbols of Elements

Elements are symbolized by one or two letters.

Symbols of Elements

All atoms of the same element have the ____________________________, which is called the ___________________________.

Symbols of Elements

The _____________________of an atom in atomic mass units (amu) is the ___________


Isotopes

  • Isotopes are __________________________
  • Isotopes have different numbers of ________.

Atomic Mass

Atomic and molecular masses can be measured with great accuracy using a mass spectrometer.

  • Because in the real world we use large amounts of atoms and molecules, we use average masses in calculations.
  • Average mass is calculated from ___________


Average Mass

Periodic Table

  • The periodic table is a systematic catalog of the elements.
  • Elements are arranged _______

Periodic Table

  • The rows on the periodic chart are _____________.