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chemistry exam study notes/guide
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The unit test will consist of similar types of questions as in “Unit 1 Review” which covers chapters 12, 13, & 14, Intermolecular forces and Liquids, The Solid State, and Solutions, respectively. This is a graded homework assignment, but you can also use it to prepare and practice for the exam. The more you practice, the better you will be prepared for the test. After you have studied and completed the Unit 1 Review assignment, then go to “Assignments I Can Practice Now” to practice similar questions. You can practice the Unit Review Assignment questions as much as you like. Your exam will be administered during our scheduled lecture meeting. You will be able to use a calculator, formulas (I will provide), and scratch paper. Utilize the study guide questions below to help you prepare for the exam (you should also use your notes, lecture videos, and eBook.) Conceptual Questions to consider (USE your textbook (eBook) & Notes to confirm answers)! o Why are intermolecular forces (IMFs) important? o What are the main properties of liquids (in contrast to gases and solids)? o What factors cause transitions between the solid and liquid state? The liquid and gas state? o Describe the relationship between the sate of a substance, its temperature, and the strength of its intermolecular forces. o From what kinds of interactions do intermolecular forces originate? o What is the dispersion force? What does the magnitude of the dispersion force depend on? How can you predict the magnitude of the dispersion force for closely related elements or compounds? o What is the dipole-dipole force? How can you predict the presence of dipole-dipole forces in a compound? o How is the miscibility of two liquids related to their polarity? o What is hydrogen bonding? How can you predict the presence of hydrogen bonding in a compound? o What is the ion-dipole force? Why is it important? o Explain what happens in the processes of vaporization and condensation. Why does the rate of vaporization increase with increasing temperature and surface area? o Why is vaporization endothermic? Why is condensation exothermic? o How is the volatility of a substance related to the intermolecular forces present within the substance? o What is the heat of vaporization for a liquid and why is it useful? o Explain the process of dynamic equilibrium. How is dynamic equilibrium related to vapor pressure? o How is vapor pressure related to temperature? What happens to the vapor pressure of a substance when the temperature is increased? Decreased? o Define the terms boiling point and normal boiling point. o What is the Clausius-Clapeyron equation and why is it important? o Explain what happens to a substance when it is heated in a closed container to its critical temperature. o What is sublimation? o What is fusion? Is fusion exothermic or endothermic? Why?
o What is the heat of fusion and why is it important? o What is a phase diagram? Draw the phase diagram for water and label its important features (solid, liquid, gas, vaporization curve, fusion curve, sublimation curve, boiling point, melting point, standard pressure, critical pressure, critical temperature, supercritical fluid, triple point, critical point). o What are the main properties of solids? o What is the fundamental difference between an amorphous solid and a crystalline solid? o Make a drawing of each unit cell: simple cubic, body-centered cubic, and face-centered cubic. o How many atoms are in each unit cell? o Calculate the density of a unit cell in g/cm^3. Find a problem of your choice in the textbook at the end of the chapter. o Given the density, be able to find the mass (or molar mass) of a unit cell. o What are the intermolecular forces that hold ionic, molecular, and amorphous solids together? o How can you determine the formula unit for an ionic solid (ex. Cesium chloride, sodium chloride, etc.) o Know how to calculate the lattice enthalpy (Born-Haber cycle) from Thermodynamic data. o What is a solution? What are the solute and solvent? o What kinds of intermolecular forces are involved in solution formation? o Explain how the relative strengths of solute-solute interactions, solvent-solvent interactions, and solvent-solute interactions affect solution formation? o What are the common units for expressing solution concentration? o What is the effect of a nonvolatile solute on the vapor pressure of a liquid? Why is the vapor pressure of a solution different from the vapor pressure of the pure liquid solvent? o What is Raoult’s law? For what kind of calculations is Raoult’s law useful? o Explain why the lower vapor pressure for a solution containing a nonvolatile solute results in a higher boiling point and lower melting point compared to the pure solvent. o What is Henry’s Law? Note: Even though you did not have OWL mastery questions on this, you still need to know how to use Henry’s Law (see Practicing Skills Questions and the ASP-Chapter 13) o What are colligative properties? o What is osmosis? What is osmotic pressure? o Explain the meaning of the van’t Hoff factor and its role in determining the colligative properties of solutions containing ionic solutes. o Define colloid. Happy studying!