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Chemistry Exam Study Guide, Exercises of Chemistry

Chemistry Exam Study Guide Cumulative ACS

Typology: Exercises

2023/2024

Uploaded on 12/04/2024

alyssa-petersen
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Chemistry 118 Exam Study Guide
1. Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom
Key Concepts:
oElectromagnetic radiation and atomic spectra
oBohr model and quantum numbers
(n , l , ml, ms)
oOrbital shapes and electron configurations
Example Problem:
Q: What is the electron configuration for an atom of sulfur (S)?
A: Sulfur has 16 electrons, so the configuration is
1s22s22p63s23p4
.
2. Periodic Properties of Elements
Key Concepts:
oAtomic radius, ionization energy, and electronegativity trends
oHow electron configurations affect element properties
Example Problem:
Q: Arrange the following elements in order of increasing atomic radius:
Na, Al, P, Cl.
A: Cl < P < Al < Na.
3. Molecules and Compounds
Key Concepts:
oIonic and covalent compounds
oNaming compounds and writing formulas
oMolar mass and percent composition
Example Problem:
Q: What is the molar mass of
CaCl2
?
A:
CaCl2: 40.08 +2×35.45=110.98 g/mol
.
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Chemistry 118 Exam Study Guide

1. Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom

Key Concepts :

o Electromagnetic radiation and atomic spectra

o Bohr model and quantum numbers (n , l ,m

l

, m

s

o Orbital shapes and electron configurations

Example Problem :

Q : What is the electron configuration for an atom of sulfur (S)?

A : Sulfur has 16 electrons, so the configuration is 1 s

2

2 s

2

2 p

6

3 s

2

3 p

4

2. Periodic Properties of Elements

Key Concepts :

o Atomic radius, ionization energy, and electronegativity trends

o How electron configurations affect element properties

Example Problem :

Q : Arrange the following elements in order of increasing atomic radius:

Na, Al, P, Cl.

A : Cl < P < Al < Na.

3. Molecules and Compounds

Key Concepts :

o Ionic and covalent compounds

o Naming compounds and writing formulas

o Molar mass and percent composition

Example Problem :

Q : What is the molar mass of

CaCl

2

A :

CaCl

2

: 40.08+ 2 ×35.45=110.98 g /mol .

4. Chemical Bonding 1: Lewis Structures and Molecular Shapes

Key Concepts :

o Lewis dot structures and formal charges

o VSEPR theory for predicting molecular shapes

Example Problem :

Q : Draw the Lewis structure for

NH

3

and determine its shape and bond

angles.

A : Shape: Trigonal pyramidal; Bond angle: ~107°.

5. Chemical Reactions and Chemical Quantities

Key Concepts :

o Balancing chemical equations

o Mole-to-mole relationships, limiting reactants, and percent yield

Example Problem :

Q : How many grams of

H

2

O

are produced from 5 grams of

2 H

2

+O

2

→ 2 H

2

O

A :

Molar mass H

2

= 2 g /mol ; Molar mass H

2

O= 18 g /mol

5 g H

2

×

1 mol H

2

2 g

×

2 mol H

2

O

2 mol H

2

× 18 g H

2

O= 45 g H

2

O

6. Solutions and Aqueous Reactions

Key Concepts :

o Solubility rules, concentration (Molarity), and types of reactions

in solution (precipitation, acid-base, redox)

Example Problem :

Q : How many moles of NaCl are in 500 mL of a 1.5 M NaCl solution?

A : Moles of NaCl=1.5 M × 0.5 L=0.75 mol.

rate and doubling [B] doubles the rate.

A :

Rate=k [ A]

2

[B]

11. Chemical Equilibrium

Key Concepts :

o The equilibrium constant (K) and Le Chatelier’s principle

Example Problem :

Q : For

N

2

+ 3 H

2

↔ 2 NH

3

, if

[NH

3

]=0.1 ,[N

2

]=0.5 ,[ H

2

]=1.

, calculate

K

c

A : K

c

2

3

12. Acids and Bases

Key Concepts :

o pH, pOH, strength of acids/bases, titrations, buffers

Example Problem :

Q : What is the pH of a 0.001 M HCl solution?

A : pH =−log (0.001)= 3

13. Aqueous Ionic Equilibrium

Key Concepts :

o Common ion effect, buffer solutions, solubility product (

K

sp

Example Problem :

Q : What is the solubility of AgCl in water if K

sp

=1.8× 10

− 10

A : Let ¿ K

sp

=s

2

Solving, s=

1.8 × 10

− 10

=1.34 × 10

− 5

M